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BSI II exam 2 material > Lectures 16 & 17: Circulation > Flashcards

Lectures 16 & 17: Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What type of vessel does gas exchange occur?

A

capillaries

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2
Q

Are arteries or veins more compliant? (compliant: referring to the ability to stretch out and not want to recoil and push back on the blood)

A

veins

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3
Q

Which vessel is the least compliant?
A: infused 200mL blood, pressure rose 20mmHg
B: infused 200mL blood, pressure rose 30mmHg
C: infused 100mL blood, pressure rose 30mmHg

A

Vessel C because you infused the least amount and pressure rose a greater amount

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4
Q

What will happen to blood flow through the body if blood pressure drops too low?

A

it will decrease

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5
Q

Which component of RAAS directly increases TPR?

A

Ang II

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6
Q

Which component of RAAS increases intravascular blood volume?

A

Ang II & Aldosterone

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7
Q

What receptors are responsible for increased HR?

A

Beta 1

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8
Q

What receptors are responsible for vasoconstriction and venoconstriction?

A

Alpha 1

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9
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

transporting oxygenated blood

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10
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

they act as valves for entry into capillaries

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11
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

gas and nutrient exchange

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12
Q

What is the function of venules?

A

collects blood from capillary

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13
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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14
Q

The walls of arteries have three layers. The layers are also called what?

A

Tunics

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15
Q

What is the innermost layer of the wall of arteries called?

A

Tunica interna (intima)

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16
Q

What does the tunica interna contain?

A

lining of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium), basement membrane, and layer of elastic tissue (internal elastic lamina)

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17
Q

What does the endothelium (of the tunica interna) line?

A

the entire CV system

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18
Q

What is the only tissue (referring to the tunica interna) that contacts blood?

A

endothelium

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19
Q

What is the tunica media (arteries)?

A

the middle, thickest layer of the wall of arteries

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20
Q

What does the tunica media contain?

A

elastic fibers and smooth muscle that extend circularly around the lumen

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21
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

the outermost layer of the wall of arteries

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22
Q

What is the tunica externa composed of?

A

Mainly of elastic and collagen fibers

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23
Q

In muscular arteries, what separates the tunica externa from the tunica media?

A

an external elastic lamina composed of elastic tissue

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24
Q

What are the two types of arteries?

A

elastic arteries and muscular arteries

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25
Q

What is an example of an elastic artery?

A

the aorta

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26
Q

Elastic arteries have the largest what?

A

diameter

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27
Q

Where are elastic arteries found?

A

Tunica media

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28
Q

Which type of artery is capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust blood flow?

A

muscular arteries

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29
Q

What do arterioles do?

A

carry oxygenated blood and empty into capillaries

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30
Q

________ and ________ control blood flow into capillary bed.

A

Metarterioles and precapillary sphincters

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31
Q

Capillaries are the site of what?

A

gas and fluid exchange with the tissues

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32
Q

What makes the capillary good for gas exchange?

A

its thin wall

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33
Q

What does the capillary consist of?

A

a layer of endothelium and underlying basement membrane

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34
Q

Why aren’t capillaries capable of vasoconstriction or vasodilation ?

A

Because they don’t have smooth muscle

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35
Q

What do venules receive from capillaries?

A

deoxygenated blood

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36
Q

Arterioles and venules have smooth muscle so they are capable of what two things?

A

vasoconstriction or vasodilation

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37
Q

True or False? Veins consist of the same three tunics as arteries.

A

True

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38
Q

The tunica interna and tunica media of veins are _________ than that of arteries and they have less elastic tissue and smooth muscle than arteries.

A

thinner

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39
Q

The tunica externa of veins is _______ than that of the tunica media.

A

Thicker

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40
Q

________ can hold more blood and act as a reservoir.

A

Veins

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41
Q

What do veins contain to prevent backflow of blood?

A

valves

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42
Q

What is the primary purpose of CV system?

A

blood flow

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43
Q

what is the formula for blood flow?

A 
CO= MAP/TPR
MAP= CO x TPR
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44
Q

Are CO, MAP, and TPR related?

A

Yes, you cannot change one without changing the other

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45
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure is the force exerted on the walls of the blood vessels by the blood

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46
Q

Blood flows though the body due to what?

A

a pressure gradient

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47
Q

What is the pressure in the arteries?

A

80-120mmHg

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48
Q

What is the diastolic pressure?

A

80

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49
Q

What is the systolic pressure?

A

120

50
Q

What two things does MAP represent?

A
  1. average arterial pressure during a single cardiac cycle

2. the pressure gradient in the systemic circulation since the pressure in the right atrium is nearly 0 mmHg

51
Q

MAP formula

A

Mean (MAP) = DBP + 1/3(SBP-DBP) =93

52
Q

What is the mean pressure in capillaries?

A

17mmHg

53
Q

What is the pressure in the veins and right atrium?

A

0 mmHg

54
Q

What is the major driving force for blood flow through the systemic circulation?

A

MAP

55
Q

Pressure gradient in the pulmonary circulation is __________.

A

Lower

56
Q

What is the pressure in the pulmonary artery?

A

8-25mmHg

57
Q

What is the pressure of capillaries in the pulmonary system?

A

7mmHg

58
Q

How do you calculate/determine pulse pressure?

A

SBP-DBP

59
Q

What two factors affect pulse pressure?

A

Stroke volume and compliance

60
Q

Greater stroke volume results in _____ pulse pressure rise with each heart beat.

A

greater

61
Q

Lower compliance of artery results in a __________ pulse pressure rise with every beat.

A

greater

62
Q

True or false? Pulsations are dampened further down the vascular tree.

A

True

63
Q

Do arterioles and capillaries experience significant pulsations?

A

No

64
Q

What is TPR also referred to as?

A

SVR (systemic vascular resistance)

65
Q

What is TPR?

A

the resistance to blood flow through all of the vasculature in the body

66
Q

What does TPR represent?

A

arterial resistance because most of the resistance is in the arterial vasculature since the venous vasculature is so compliant

67
Q

What happens to the TPR as arterial vessels vasoconstrict?

A

TPR increases

68
Q

What happens to the TPR as arterial vessels vasodilate?

A

TPR decreases

69
Q

Resistance=

A

Resistance= 1/diameter^4

70
Q

What helps to push blood in the veins towards the heart and increases venous return?

A

Rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscle

71
Q

What prevents backflow during muscular relaxation?

A

valves

72
Q

What happens to abdominal pressure and intrathoracic pressure during inspiration?

A

abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases

73
Q

What effect does the respiratory pump have on venous return?

A

increases venous return due to increased pressure gradient

74
Q

What effect does the activation of RAAS have on blood pressure?

A

increases it

75
Q

what is the Renin substrate also called? And from where is it secreted?

A

angiotensinogen; liver

76
Q

Where is AT1 found?

A

brain, kidney, myocardium, peripheral vaculature, adrenal cortex

77
Q

Why is AT1 important?

A

helps regulate blood pressure

78
Q

Where is AT2 found?

A

adrenal medullary tissue, uterus, brain

79
Q

Does AT2 have an effect on blood pressure?

A

no

80
Q

What does Ang II do?

A

causes the kidneys to reabsorb salt and water in 2 ways

81
Q

What 2 ways does Ang II cause the kidneys to reabsorb salt and water?

A
  1. acts directly on the kidneys to cause salt and water reabsorption
  2. stimulates adrenal glands (cortex) to secrete aldosterone
82
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

increases salt and water reabsorption in kidneys

83
Q

Ang II causes what?

A

vasoconstriction

84
Q

Ang II stimulates what 3 things?

A
  1. SNS
  2. thirst centers in the brain
  3. ADH release from posterior pituitary
85
Q

What does Ang II inhibit?

A

renin release from kidney

86
Q

Where is ACE most prominent?

A

in capillary wall of lung

87
Q

Can Ang II be produced by other systems that function without ACE?

A

yes

88
Q

What is ADH also called?

A

vasopressin

89
Q

Where is ADH released from?

A

posterior pituitary gland

90
Q

What triggers ADH release?

A

decreased blood volume and/or an increase in osmolarity

91
Q

What effect does ADH have on blood pressure?

A

it increases it & causes vasoconstriction

92
Q

Where does ADH act?

A

on the kidneys promoting reabsorption of water (NOT salt)

93
Q

What are the 3 ADH receptors?

A

V1a, V1b, and V2

94
Q

Describe the ADH receptor V1a

A

mediates vasoconstriction effects

95
Q

Describe the ADH receptor V2

A

mediates anti-diuretic effect in kidneys

96
Q

What is ANP also called?

A

ANF

97
Q

What does ANP stand for?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (factor)

98
Q

What is ANP released by?

A

cells of atria in response to increased stretch

99
Q

What affect does ANP have on blood pressure?

A

decreases it and causes vasodilation

100
Q

Where does ANP act and what does it cause?

A

acts on the kidneys and promotes loss of salt and water in urine

101
Q

What does ANP suppress?

A

secretion of renin, aldosterone, and ADH

102
Q

What is BNP also called?

A

BNF

103
Q

Where is BNP released from?

A

ventricles in response to pressure & volume overload

104
Q

What effect does BNP have on blood pressure?

A

it decreases it

105
Q

The ANS subdivides into what?

A

SNS and PNS

106
Q

What does the SNS play a role in?

A

controlling circulation

107
Q

Which vessels does the SNS NOT innervate?

A

capillaries, precapillary sphincters, and metarterioles

108
Q

What causes constriction of most vessels of the body via alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

A

SNS

109
Q

what does stimulation of B2 receptors cause?

A

vasodilation

110
Q

What will Beta-1 stimulate?

A

increased heart rate and contractility

111
Q

Generalized activation of the SNS will have what effect on blood pressure and organ perfusion?

A

increase blood pressure and decrease organ perfusion (except in the heart and brain due to vasoconstriction of most of the vessels in the body)

112
Q

True or false? SNS and PNS innervate the heart.

A

True

113
Q

Are the majority of blood vessels innervated by the PNS?

A

No

114
Q

What effect does the PNS have on heart rate and contractility?

A

decreases both

115
Q

What regulates the ANS?

A

vasomotor center in the medulla

116
Q

What are baroreceptors and where are they located?

A

stretch receptors that are located in walls of large arteries (carotid artery and aortic arch)

117
Q

If arterial pressure increases, stretching of baroreceptors send info to vasomotor control center which then results in what?

A

increased TPR and CO

118
Q

What are the 2 chemoreceptors that are mentioned in the notes?

A

carotid bodies and aortic bodies

119
Q

What do chemoreceptors sense?

A

decrease in O2 content and an increase in CO2 and H+ content

120
Q

If blood pressure decreases, what happens to blood flow through the chemoreceptors? what happens next?

A

decreases; then they become stimulated and excite the vasomotor center resulting in increased blood pressure

121
Q

Do atria and pulmonary artery contain stretch receptors?

A

yes & they are also called low pressure receptors

122
Q

Low pressure receptors are optimal for what?

A

detecting changes in pressure in low pressure areas & important in minimizing changes in pressure in response to volume changes

BSI II exam 2 material (14 decks)

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