Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BSI II exam 2 material > Lectures 14 & 15: Cardiac Cycle/ pumping action of the heart > Flashcards

Lectures 14 & 15: Cardiac Cycle/ pumping action of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

How would aortic stenosis affect afterload?

A

increase it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What effect does increased afterload have on SV?

A

decreases it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How will an increase in afterload affect ESV (end systolic volume)?

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In order to increase contractility (aka ionotropy), does there have to be an increase in EDV?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens when the atria do contract?

A

They push more blood into ventricles. (10-40% of blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When the AV valves are open, most blood returning to the atria pass right through to the ___________. (60-90% of blood)

A

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Atria function to enhance _______________, which enhances _______________.

A

the amount of blood in ventricles; ventricular pumping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Can the heart function without atrial contraction?

A

Yes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the ventricles?

A

to pump blood through pulmonary circulation (right) and systemic circulation (left)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Valves open and close __________.

A

Passively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Forward pressure gradient _______ valves.

A

opens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Backward pressure gradient _______ valves.

A

closes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the papillary muscle of the AV valves do?

A

it prevents cusps from protruding into the atria as the ventricles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens if you have damage to chordae tendinae or papillary muscle?

A

You will get backward flow of blood as the ventricles contract & this could be lethal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Do Semilunar valves have chordae tendinae or papillary muscles?

A

No!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the cardiac cycle refer to?

A

the sequence of events (electrical & mechanical) occurring in the heart during a single beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Referring to the cardiac cycle, do the same events occur on the right side of the heart as on the left side?

A

Yes, almost simultaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 5 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. atrial contraction
  2. period of isovolumetric contraction
  3. period of ejection
  4. period of isovolumetric relaxation
  5. ventricular filling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens during atrial contraction?

A

The AV valve is open and the atrium pumps blood into the ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When does the AV valve close?

A

once the pressure in the ventricle exceeds the pressure in the atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The period of contraction while the AV valve and semilunar valve are closed is the __________________.

A

isovolumetric contraction phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does the semilunar valve open during the period of isovolumetric contraction?

A

once the pressure in the ventricle exceeds the pressure in the aorta (arterial pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When the semilunar valve opens (in the period of isovolumetric contraction)… what phase does this lead to?

A

the ejection phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens in the period of ejection?

A

As ventricular pressure rises above arterial pressure, semilunar valve opens and blood is ejected out of ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

During the period of isovolumetric relaxation, what happens to the pressure within the ventricle?

A

it begins to drop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

During the period of isovolumetric relaxation, what causes the semilunar valves to close?

A

when the pressure drops below arterial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The period of relaxation while both the AV valves and semilunar valves are closed is the _____________________.

A

isovolumetric relaxation phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

During the isovolumetric relaxation phase, ventricles continue to relax and eventually what happens?

A

The pressure drops below that of the atrium and therefore the AV valve opens leading to the ventricular filing phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens during the ventricular filling phase?

A

passive filling of ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Define systole

A

contraction phase of cardiac cycle

31
Q

Define diastole

A

relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

32
Q

Define systolic blood pressure

A

the pressure in the systemic arteries (aorta) while the left ventricle is contracting and ejecting blood (120mmHg)

33
Q

Define diastolic blood pressure

A

the pressure in the systemic arteries (aorta) while the left ventricle is relaxing and NOT ejecting blood (80mmHg)

34
Q

What does EDV stand for?

A

End diastolic volume

35
Q

Define EDV and the amount.

A

volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole OR the amount of blood in the ventricle before it contracts
(amount= 110mL)

36
Q

What is an important determinant of EDV?

A

venous return

37
Q

What does ESV stand for?

A

end systolic volume

38
Q

Define ESV and the amount.

A

the volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of systole (amount =40mL)

39
Q

What does SV stand for?

A

stroke volume

40
Q

Define SV and the amount.

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction (amount= 70mL)

41
Q

What is SV determined by?

A

Preload, afterload, and contractility.

42
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

The fraction of EDV that was pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction (60%)

43
Q

What is the formula for EF?

A

SV/EDV x 100 = EF

44
Q

Define cardiac output (CO, Q)

A

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute

45
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO= HR x Stroke volume (5000mL)

46
Q

Define venous return

A

the amount of blood returned to the heart

47
Q

Define preload

A

The pressure stretching the chamber of the heart before it contracts (the stretched state of the ventricle before it contracts)

48
Q

The greater the stretch, the _______ the preload.

A

greater

49
Q

Preload is determined primarily by what?

A

EDV

50
Q

Define afterload

A

the pressure that the chamber of the heart has to overcome in order to eject blood

51
Q

What is an important determinant of the afterload of the LEFT ventricle?

A

aortic pressure

52
Q

What is an important determinant of the afterload of the RIGHT ventricle?

A

pulmonary pressure

53
Q

As aortic pressure increases (systemic HTN), the left ventricle has to produce _____ pressures and work harder in order to eject blood into the aorta against that higher pressure.

A

higher

54
Q

As the aortic pressure (arterial pressure) increases, what happens to the afterload of the left ventricle?

A

It also increases

55
Q

What is contractility also called?

A

Inotropy

56
Q

What is contractility?

A

the intrinsic ability of cardiac muscle to produce tension (independent of fiber/sacromere length)

57
Q

If there’s a change in the force of contraction at a constant end-diastolic fiber length, what will happen?

A

There will be a change in the contractility

58
Q

Anything that affects excitation-contraction, other than sacromere/fiber length, affects ____________.

A

Contractility

59
Q

What is an important determinant of contractility?

A

Intracellular Ca2+ concentration

60
Q

Under normal physiological conditions, what is it that will alter contractility throughout the day?

A

the changing intracellular Ca2+

61
Q

What will stimulate an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in cardiomyocytes and lead to an increase in contractility?

A

Norepinephrine (SNS)fer4gth1

62
Q

Define Chronotopic effect

A

affecting heart rate

63
Q

Define Inotropic effect

A

affecting contracility

64
Q

What is the cardiac reserve?

A

The work that the heart is able to perform beyond what’s required of it under basal/resting conditions (300-400%)

65
Q

Define pressure rate product or double product

A

an indirect index of myocardial O2 consumption (how hard the ventricle is working)

66
Q

What is the formula for pressure rate product?

A

HR x SBP (or MAP)

67
Q

What does S1 represent?

A

closing of AV vavles

68
Q

What does S2 represent?

A

closing of semilunar valves

69
Q

The presence of S3 or S4 may be indicative of what?

A

an abnormality

70
Q

S3 is thought to be caused by what?

A

the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by inrushing blood from the atria (increased volume of blood within the ventricle; may be associated with ventricular dilation)

71
Q

What exactly is S3?

A

vibrations during rapid phase of ventricular filling

72
Q

When might you hear S4?

A

during atrial contraction or when atrial pressure is high or ventricle is stiff

73
Q

What does hypertrophy cause?

A

stiffening of the ventricle

BSI II exam 2 material (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions