Lectures 16 + 17

Question 1

What are the first 3 differences between Freudian Theory and Radical Behaviorism?

Answer 1

1. Freudian: Derived from clinical observation Radical Behaviorism: Derived from experimentation
2. Freudian: Symptoms are visible upshot of unconscious causes
   Radical Behaviorism: Symptoms are unadaptive conditioned responses
3. Freudian: Regards symptoms as evidence of repression
   Radical Behaviorism: Regards symptoms as evidence of faulty learning

Question 2

Give and example of classical conditioning and explain how it works

Answer 2

Pavlov’s dogs -Food: Unconditioned stimulus -Bell: Conditioned stimulus -Food induced salivation: Unconditioned response -Bell induced salivation: Conditioned response

Question 3

Who is the father of Behaviorism? What is his most famous experiment?

Answer 3

John Watson Little Albert: Baseline at 9 months (enjoyed playing with the rat) conditioning at 11 months: rat paired with loud noise

Question 4

What is a BMI

Answer 4

ratio of height and weight

Question 5

How is “normal” BMI defined?

Answer 5

The range where there aren’t medical complications

Question 6

What is the DSM-V diagnostic criteria for Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 6

1. Restriction of energy intake leading to a significantly low body weight
2. Intense fear of gaining weight
3. Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced

Question 7

What is the DSM-V diagnostic criteria for Bulimia Nervosa?

Answer 7

Diagnosis based on behaviors

1. Recurrent episodes of Binge Eating
2. Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors
3. 1 + 2 must occur at least once a week for 3 months
4. Self evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape or weight

Question 8

What do anorexia and bulimia have in common?

Answer 8

importance of body shape/weight

Question 9

What are the markers of severity for Anorexia and Bulimia?

Answer 9

Anorexia: BMI (because of the medical concerns)
Bulimia: Frequency of behaviors

Question 10

What is the Mortality of Anorexia?

Answer 10

About on par with bipolar and schizophrenia

About 5-10x higher than someone without anorexia
Risk of dying by suicide = 18-35x higher

Question 11

What is the Mortality of Bulimia

Answer 11

2x higher than without

Question 12

What is the prevalence of Anorexia?

Answer 12

Less than 1%

Question 13

What is the prevalence of Bulimia?

Answer 13

About 1%

Question 14

What is the prevalence of Binge eating disorder?

Answer 14

About 3%

Question 15

What is the age of onset of eating disorders?

Answer 15

begin around adolescence and peak in 20-30

Question 16

What is the cognitive model of eating disorders?

Answer 16

There is a problem with regulating emotion

Emotion disregulation model

Question 17

What are the best ways to treat anorexia?

Answer 17

CBT and family systems therapy

Question 18

What % of people are overweight?

Answer 18

50%

Question 19

What % are obese

Answer 19

25%

Question 20

Which parts of the brain are associated with obesity

Answer 20

Orbital frontal cortex
Insula
Nucleus Accumbens
Dorsal Striatum
Lateral Hypothalamus

Question 21

Do rats prefer cocaine or sugar?

Answer 21

sugar

Question 22

What is the problem with Obesity treatments?

Answer 22

Most people regain the weight

Question 23

What is a promising treatment for obesity?

Answer 23

CBT

Question 24

Watson believed there were 3 basic responses to which we could be conditioned, what are they?

Answer 24

Fear
Love
Rage

Question 25

What is the problem with the classical conditioning explanation of phobias?

Answer 25

Most phobias don't develop that way, often the person hasn't even had a negative experience with what they fear. Not everyone who has a negative experience develops a phobia

Question 26

What is the Operant Conditioning Approach?

Answer 26

Classical conditioning is a process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one. (stimulus precedes response) Operant conditioning utilizes reinforcement and punishment to create associations between behaviors and the consequences for those behaviors In operant conditioning reinforcement follows the response. Ex. Response: Tell a joke, Reinforcement: Friends laugh Likelihood of joke telling behavior increases

Question 27

What is Extinction?

Answer 27

The withdrawal of a positive stimulus

Question 28

WHat factors effect the strength of a reinforcer?

Answer 28

1. Motivational state - deprivation conditions (hunger, social contact) 2. Delay of reinforcement - inability delay gratification (impulsivity) 3. Amount - satiation (ex. flooding ward with magazines to stop patients from taking them) 4. Discrimination 5. Generalization 6. Schedules (fixed or variable)

Question 29

Name and Describe the difference conditioning schedules

Answer 29

Schedules 1. Continuously 2. According toTime - Fixed Interval (every 10 minutes response is rewarded) - Variable Interval (10 minutes would be the mean time between responses) 3. According to Number - Fixed Interval (after every 10 responses reward) - Variable Interval ( 10 responses would be the mean # of responses before reward)

Question 30

Which conditioning schedules are the most resistant to change?

Answer 30

Variable Schedules

Question 31

How do you get new bhaviors?

Answer 31

1. Shaping new bahaviours: successive approximations (ex teaching rat to do a series of actions starting at the end) 2. Modeling: - Correlation between mother and child's fears

Question 32

What at the factors of Modeling to get new behaviors

Answer 32

1. Who is the model? (expert? friendly?) 2. What the model does (is it clear?) 3. What happens to the model? (punished? rewarded?)

Question 33

What are the Fundamentals of CBT?

Answer 33

It doesn't matter what happens to you it's what you THINK about what happens to you 1. Humans respond to cognitive representations of the environment 2. Cognitive representations are related to the process of learning 3. Most human learning is cognitively mediated 4. Thoughts, feelings and behaviors are interactive

Question 34

What % of psychotropic drugs are given to women? | % of surgical procedures?

Answer 34

70% | 66%

Question 35

Who has the highest death rates by sex and race?

Answer 35

Highest: Black Male Second: White Male Third: Black Female Lowest: White Female

Question 36

How many males are conceived for every 100 females?

Answer 36

125

Question 37

What are some possible explanations for the life expectancy advantage of females?

Answer 37

1. Women are biologically advantages: - Estrogen protective 2. Differences in lifestyle: - Homicide rates 4:1 male:female - Suicide 2:1 male:female - Males at increased risk for heart disease/cancer/liver disease etc... 3. Lack of testosterone 4. Workload: women have a higher workload

Question 38

What is most stressful to women?

Answer 38

``` Martial conflict (can triple risk for second heart attack in women) work stress and living alone had no effect ```

Question 39

Which neurotransmitter is always on in women?

Answer 39

Norepinephrine

Question 40

What are the Second 3 differences between Freudian Theory and Radical Behaviorism?

Answer 40

4. Freudian: Believes that symptomatology is determined by defence mechanisms Radical Behaviorism: Believes that symptomatology is determined by individual differences in conditionability and accidental environmental circumstances 5. Freudian: All treatment of neurotic disorders must be historically based Radical Behaviorism: All treatment of neurotic disorders is concerned with habits existing at present 6. Freudian: Cures are achieved by underlying (unconscious) dynamics Radical Behaviorism: Cures are achieved by treating the symptom itself

Question 41

What are the Third 3 differences between Freudian Theory and Radical Behaviorism?

Answer 41

7. Freudian: Interpretations of symptoms, dreams, acts, etc. is an important element of treatment Radical Behaviorism: Interpretation is irrelevant 8. Freudian: Symptomatic treatment leads to the elaboration of new symptoms Radical Behaviorism: Symptomatic treatment leads to permanent recovery 9. Freudian: Transference relations are essential Radical Behaviorism: Personal relations are not essential

Question 42

What is the difference between norepinephrine in men and women?

Answer 42

in men they shut down at night in women they are always acutely responsive