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PSYC 337 > Lecture 14 > Flashcards

Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Symptoms of Dementia?

A
  1. Loss of Intellectual Ability
  2. Memory Impairments
  3. Other higher cortical disturbances
  4. Not Delirium
  5. Specific or Presumed Organic factor
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2
Q

How are IQ norms established?

A

By age group

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3
Q

How is memory impaired with Dementia?

A

Recent events impaired more than historical events

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4
Q

What other disturbances of higher cortical functioning would someone with Dementia experience? Besides memory impairments

A
  1. Impaired Abstract thinking
  2. Impaired judgement
  3. Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia, Construction Difficulty
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5
Q

What is difficulty finding words called?

A

Aphasia

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6
Q

What is the inability to recognize things called?

A

Agnosia

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7
Q

What is disordered motor planning called?

A

Apraxia

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8
Q

What is the inability to reproduce things, for example copy a drawing called?

A

Construction Difficulty

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9
Q

How is Dementia measured?

What is a normal score?

A

Using the Mini Mental Status examination

Above 25

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10
Q

What is the most common form of Dementia? What % of dementia does it account for?

A

Alzheimer’s

64%

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11
Q

What are the two types of Alzheimer’s? Which is most common?

A

Early Onset

Late Onset

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12
Q

What explanation did Prof. Pihl give for the higher number of women with Alzheimer’s?

A

Alzheimer’s is related to level of cognitive functioning and the current population of women being diagnosed were not as educated as men

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13
Q

What are the 4 categories of the MMSE?

A
  1. Orientation (time and place)
  2. Registration (identify objects, Attention/calculation)
  3. Recall
  4. Language (follow command, write sentence etc…)
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14
Q

Approximately how long does it take for Alzheimer’s to progress from very mild to very severe?

A

8-10 years

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15
Q

What is the Diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s?

A

More or less the same as for Dementia

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16
Q

How heritable is Alzheimer’s?

A

Much more heritable for early (autosomal) than late onset

17
Q

What is another name for early onset Alzheimer’s? What % of cases?

A

Autosomal Alzheimer’s

5% of cases

18
Q

What does Alzheimer’s do to the brain?

A

Plaques and Tangles develop in the entorhinal cortex, then the hippocampus and finally the neocortex

19
Q

What causes tangles?

A

Excess Phosphorous

20
Q

What causes plaques?

A

build up of beta amyloid

21
Q

What happens when there is an abnormality in the Tau protein?

A

tangles

22
Q

What is the most important gene that has been identified in early onset Alzheimer’s?

A

Amyloid precursur gene

23
Q

What are tangles?

A

twisted tubules in the neuron that provide nutrition

24
Q

What is the Debate about Alzheimer’s?

A

Is it different from the norm? or is it a part of normal aging? (normal curve that shifts over as age increases)

25
Q

What is present in 50% of people with late onset Alzheimer’s vs. 10% in normal population?

A

APOE 4 allele: involved in the transportation of phosphorous and lipids to the brain

26
Q

Why do some people point to the IGF pathway to explain Alzheimer’s?

A

IGF pathway is an insulin pathway

lack of insulin in the brain has been shown in labs to affect the buildup of plaques and tangles

27
Q

What other gene has been looked at recently to explain Alzheimer’s? (related to calcium)

What is your risk if you have no copies of this gene?
one copy?
two copies?

A

CALHM1 gene Controls calcium concentrations in nerve cells
Also leads to more amyloid plaques

no copies: 1 in 20
one copy: 1 in 14
two copies 1 in 10

28
Q

What is the criteria for Mild Neurocognitive Disorder? What is the problem with this?

A
  1. Evidence of modest cognitive decline: that is producing concern in the individual or their loved ones
  2. Modest Impairment: Does not interfere with the person’s life (remain independent)
  3. Not delirium
  4. not another mental disorder

Problem: This describes everyone

29
Q

Is there a Gold Standard for Alzheimer’s? What study shows this?

A

No
Brains of nuns and priests donated their brains which were examined after their death for signs of Alzheimer’s. they all were normal yet had a significant amount of plaques and tangles

30
Q

What 3 conclusions does Prof Pihl come to about Alzheimer’s?

A
  1. Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer’s result from the same physiological mechanisms and are characterized by the same physical signs (plaques and tangles)
  2. As life expectancy increases Alzheimer’s may become the norm
  3. Alzheimer’s is simply a normal consequence of living long
31
Q

Until when does Myelination of the prefrontal and associated areas continue?

A

continues into late 50’s

32
Q

What % of ALZ patients are cared for at home?

What is the risk for depression if caring for someone with mild dementia? moderate dementia?

A

50% cared for at home

caregiver risk for depression
mild dementia: 16%
moderate dementia: 40%

33
Q

How did they predict which nuns would develop Alzheimer’s?

A

Their original letter of intent written when they were young
Complexity of sentences
more concrete thoughts = more likely
more abstract thoughts = less likely

34
Q

What personality trait predicts Alzheimer’s?

A

Conscientiousness:
Low = more likely to develop alzheimer’s
High = less likely

35
Q

What is someone who has excess fluid around the brain called?

A

Hydrocephalic

PSYC 337 (19 decks)

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