Lectures Flashcards
Dual Revolution
combination of a political and econ revolution
1. Industrial Revolution
power of the world
World domination > Empires
→ mechanization of production process
2. Political Revolution
Driving force became Nationalism
Mass mobilization in politics
==> Rise of Modern World
“Europe” as a Term
what and where is Europe (= means sun-setting)
⇒ The origins of Europe lay in Ancient Greece and also the Holy Roman Empire, Charles The Great ( → more pre-medieval empires and factors) ; more recent Empires like Spanish and French
Nationalism def
the belief that a people who share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free foreign domination
- Also: the strong belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance
The origins of nationalism
Two schools defining nationalism
→ Primordialists = ancient shared cultures connected to the 18th century political demands
→ Modernists = 18th century cultural for political demands (imagined communities, invented traditions) ex. not everyone spoke the nation language → the fact of mobilizing people to teach them how to feel nationalists throughout the inculcation of cultural meanings
==> dangerous interpreted as dangerous because of fear of difference
Europe in the 19th Century
- Families will lose power due to less aristocracy (less city states)
- states/countries agglomerate different cultures and ethnicities with multiple languages (especially empires)
Fundamentals of Nationalism
→ anyone born in a state is part of the nation
→ if you are born with a language and culture you are part of the state
Ethnic Cultural Nationalism
⇒ determined by birth
- common background and history
- shared language, culture and tradition
- exclude minorities
Political Nationalism
= if you are born within the states border then you have its nationality
→ state is central in def. of the nation
→ equal rights of all citizens guaranteed by constitution
→ emancipation of religious minorities
⇒ Subjective: Citizenship is a choice
Rise Of Nationalism
→ 1774: Johann Gottfried Herder
→ 1789 - 1815: rev. + Napoleonic era ⇒ French Rev.
→ 1815 - 1848: restoration era = nationalism in opposition (progressive and confined to elites)
–> Can be a tool to arrive at power because they do not feel a sense of belonging → it is attractive to mobilize people and force power for yourself → 1848: Revolutions = Failure
→ 1848 - 1900: Unification and dissolution
Revolution
Combination of middle and low class excluded by aristocracy : middle class takes power and answer to its demand
Italian Unification
Machiavellian politics of Cavour to extend the territory → Unification from the Two Sicilies, Pope’s States, French and Ostrich influence now under the same ruler → The Savoy, less political regimes and families in power
–> think of chapter 23 and the reading
Rise of Prussia
german middle class to emerge → growth of brandenburg-prussia 1600 - 1795: growth of a political regime and empire so as the emergency of a new powerful empire and state
The growth of Brandenburg-Prussia and its acquisitions are then extending throughout a process till 1871 with the creation of the German Empire and so as less rulers because less city-states
3 stages of Hroch
Scientist → identify in how nationalism developed within the modernization with groups under pressure
- collection cultural artifacts by elites
- politicians of national cultures → using this to say that we are a nation and then create a state → driven by middle class
- Mass mobilization → done by middle class to go against the power, being unable to resist this desire
Nation-State: why and how?
Why? Government for the People ; Extension Franchise
How? Draft, Education, Rituals, History writing, Taxes ; Services ; War
Did Nationalism work?
Alternatives: Catholicism, Kulturkampf
Socialism: Revisionism
Leerssen → By the end of the century “the entire public sphere was immersed neck-deep in a non-stop multimedia cult of national self-articulations and self-celebration”
