Chapter 24: The West and the World

Question 1

Industrialization and the world economy

Answer 1

• Industrialization + nationalism = transformation of rural and urban life
• West: 3rd aggressive expansion phase and migration
• innovation
• Leading countries established/enlarged pol empires
• Europe’s new imperialism = superior military + authoritarian rule
• Non western rallied people for anti-imperialism and independence (triumph after WWII)

Question 2

What were some of the global consequences of European industrialization between 1815 and 1914?

Answer 2

• IR created a dynamic Econ system in UK, Europe, and North America.
• Econ system expanded in the 19th c.
• Expansion in non-Western = peaceful/beneficial
• Europeans used military power to force non-Western nations to open their doors to Western Econ interests if peaceful methods failed.
• The global economic system was fashioned so that the largest share of the gains from trade, technology, and migration flowed to the West and its propertied classes.

Question 3

Rise of global inequality

Answer 3

• IR = raise in wealth and industry
• Gap industrialized and non-industrialized countries/regions
• Income disparities = inequality in food, clothing, health, education, life expectancy
• World trade in the 19th century

Question 4

The World Market

Answer 4

• Int’l commerce stimulated by Econ growth in EU, UK, US with exports and imports
• protective tariffs from non-western markets (as UK did with cotton)
• Transportations system improved reducing prices
• new territories exploited around the world
• massive foreign investments from 1840
• extension of western econ power and Neo-europe = disaster to indigenous

Question 5

The Opening of China

Answer 5

• goods and invention sent from china to eu
• British introduced opium to china (addiction and profit)
• Qing gov. removed opium trade and Lin Zexu sent to deal with the crisis = Opium Wars
• Hong Kong became a British enclave
• Second Opium War (1856-1860) = occupation of Beijing by UK and FR
• EU used opium addiction + military aggression to open China to foreign trade

Question 6

Japan and the US

Answer 6

• relations started in the 16th century
• 1640 = jap. expelled foreigners to preserve traditions
• Jap. policy of isolation complicated problems for the US and for China
• 1853 = Commodore Matthew Perry in Edo Bay, diplomatic negotiations with the emperor
• Treaties that opened two ports to trade and clarified rights and privileges of west

Japan was opened and forced to west

Question 7

neo-Europes def

Answer 7

a term coined by historians Alfred Crosby to describe regions that already had significant populations of ethnic Europeans, including the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Latin America and Siberia

Question 8

Opium Wars def

Answer 8

Two mid-nineteenth-century conflicts between China and Great Britain over the British trade in opium, which was designed to “open” China to European free trade. In defeat, China gave European traders and missionaries increased protection and concessions.

Question 9

Gunboat Diplomacy def

Answer 9

The use or threat of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements.

Question 10

Global Mass Migration def

Answer 10

The mass movement of people from Europe in the nineteenth century; one reason that the West’s impact on the world was so powerful and many-sided.

Question 11

Nativism

Answer 11

Policies and beliefs, often influenced by nationalism, scientific racism, and mass migration, that give preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants.

Question 12

New Imperialism

Answer 12

The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.

Question 13

Afrikaaners

Answer 13

Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa

Question 14

Berlin Conference

Answer 14

a meeting of europeans leaders held in 1884 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa

Question 15

White Man’s Conference

Answer 15

The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living.

Question 16

Orientalism

Answer 16

A term coined by literary scholar Edward Said to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures.

Question 17

Great Rebellion

Answer 17

The 1857 and 1858 insurrection by Muslim and Hindu mercenaries in the British army that spread throughout northern and central India before finally being crushed.

Question 18

Meiji Restoration

Answer 18

The restoration of the Japanese emperor to power in 1867, leading to the subsequent modernization of Japan.

Question 19

Hundred Days of Reforms

Answer 19

A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese govern- ment in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.

Question 20

Western penetration of Egypt

Answer 20

• Muhammad Ali, established an Egyptian state with powerful army and modernized agriculture, government, and communication networks
• Muhammad Ali’s grandson, Ismail, continued modernization efforts, expensive debt that Egypt could not pay
• French and British intervention to oversee Egyptian finances and rule
• Foreign financial control led to a violent nationalist reaction (religious leaders, young intellectuals, and army officers)
• Anti-European riots in 1882 and British occupation of Egypt until 1956
• British rule in Egypt provided new model for European expansion based on military force, political domination

Question 21

How was massive migration an integral part of western expansion?

Answer 21

• Millions of people left their ancestral lands during the 19th century’s greatest migration.
• This movement was a central experience for ordinary people affected by Western expansion.
• The global mass migration contributed to the powerful and many-sidedimpact of the West on the world during the 19th century.
• Migration refers to general human movement, while emigration refers to leaving one country for another and immigration refers to entering a
  country from another.

Question 22

The pressure of population due to migration?

Answer 22

• European population growth entered its third stage in the early 18th, until early 20th
• Birth rates decline 19th, death also due to rising living standards and revolution in public health
• Europe’s population doubled: 188M to 432M between 1800 - 1900.
• • 60M left Europe between 1815 - 1932 to neo-Europes.
• Europeans and European origin went from 24% of world’s total pop. in 1800 to 38% before WWI
• Rapid pop. increase in Europe led to land hunger and relative overpopulation, driving emigration
• Countries had different migration, reflecting social and econ. conditions.
• US welcomed 50% of EU emigrants

Question 23

European emigration

Answer 23

• EU emigrants typically farmers/skilled artisans
• Left EU due to lack of land and growing availability of cheap factory-made goods.
• Immigrants young, unmarried, work hard
• Some Europeans in EU (another country)
• Repatriation varied, Balkans return to their countries
• Family/Friendship = crucial role for emigration (settling together in rural enclaves/urban neighborhoods)
• young Eu men/women: leave for revolt/independence, seeking human rights.

Question 24

Asian emigration

Answer 24

• Emigration before 1920: from Europe; substantial numbers of Asians (Chinese, Japanese, Indians, and Filipinos) also emigrated due to rural hardship, with at least 3 million Asians moving abroad.
• Most Asian emigrants worked as indentured laborers in plantations and gold mines in Latin America, southern Asia, Africa, California, Hawaii, and Australia, often under incredibly difficult conditions.
• Asian immigrants were often used to replace or supplement blacks after the suppression of the slave trade.
• Attempts to control immigration flows and seal off national borders began in the late nineteenth century, inspired by nativism and beliefs that led to policies giving preferential treatment to established inhabitants above immigrants.
• Immigration policies offered preferred status to “acceptable” racial and ethnic groups in the open lands of possible permanent settlement, largely benefiting Europeans and people of European ancestry, while incomes in Asia and Africa lagged far behind.

Question 25

Western imperialism
How did western imperialism change after 1880?

Answer 25

• Expansion of Western society 1880-1914.
• EU nations sent migrants, money, goods around the world: political empires.
• Economic penetration of non-Western territories between 1816-1880: China/Japan politically independent.
• Late 19th-century = “new imperialism.”
• New imperialism = rush to dominate
• 84% of the globe = dominated by EU (1/4 UK earth’s territory + 1/3 population)
• New imperialism = tensions among EU, wars
• Africa and Asia, M of black, brown, and yellow under the rule of whites.

Question 26

European presence in africa before 1880

Answer 26

• Prior to 1880, EU controlled 10% of Africa.
• French conquering Algeria in 1830 + settlers by 1880.
• UK possession of Dutch Cape Town during wars with Napoleon I.
• Disgruntled Dutch cattle ranchers and farmers made the Great Trek in 1835, fighting Zulu and Xhosa peoples for land.
• By 1880, Afrikaner + British control of South Africa from African peoples.
• EU trading West African coast + Portuguese Angola/Mozambique.
• After 1880, EU Africa colonization and diplomacy.

Question 27

The scramble for africa after 1880

Answer 27

• Scramble for Africa between 1880-1900
• EU competed for African possessions
• 1900 = whole continent was under EU (except Ethiopia and Liberia)
• EU tight control + colonial gov. before 1914
• UK: protectorates Botswana + Rhodesia (rich gold mines = South African War, or Boer War (1899–1902)
• King Leopold II of Belgium = important role in the European seizure of Africa
• Formed a financial in Congo basin (trading stations, signed unfair treaties with African chiefs) - Alarmed French = expedition in 1880 to sign a treaty of protection with Teke tribe + protectorate north Congo River
• Berlin Conference of 1884 + 1885 EU claims to African territory –> “effective occupation” recognized by other states
• No single European power can claim entire continent
• Conference recognized Leopold’s personal rule over a neutral Congo Free State and agreed to work to stop slavery and the slave trade in Africa

Question 28

Imperialism in asia

Answer 28

• EU political control over Asia (Dutch major player)
• Malay Archipelago under EU pol. authority
• FR = Indochina in 1880s.
• Russia conquered Muslim (Caucasus + Central Asia + China’s provinces 1890s)
• US = Philippines 1898 through Spanish-American War + suppressed Philippine patriots in revolt
• US protested the taking of the Philippines

Question 29

Causes of new imperialism

Answer 29

• Late 19th rush for empire = part of Western society’s (expansion in the age of industry and nationalism)
• Econ. motives: UK losing econ. opportunities to rising tariff barriers of France and Germany +
  expand empire.
• Economic gains limited before 1914, colonies = important for pol. + diplomatic reasons
• Colonies = essential + aggressive nationalism
• Social Darwinian theories of brutal competition among races = imperialist expansion
• Technological + military superiority, including IR
• Social t+ domestic political tensions (Germany + Russia) = overseas expansion (conservative political leaders manipulated colonial issues to divert attention from the class struggle)
• Settlers, missionaries, shipping companies, and military officials = course of empire

Question 30

A civilizing mission

Answer 30

• Western imperialism = not only conquest/power
• Civilizing non-white peoples
• According to this view, Westerners had a responsibility to govern and convert supposed savages under their charge and remake them on
  superior European models.
• Benefits of industrialization, education, Christianity + medicine = raise standards of living of Africans and Asians, making them ready for self-government + Western democracy
• French “civilizing mission,” Germans prayer and hard work
• US “white man’s burden” + ruled Philippines, for unique benefits to less advanced peoples
• Protected natives from exploitation, Christianity, Gospel.
• Missionary in Africa succeeded, but failed in India, China, Islamic world, ancient beliefs
• Christian increased

Question 31

Orientalism

Answer 31

• Westerners felt superior to non-Western, were fascinated by foreign cultures and societies
• Edward Said coined the term “Orientalism” to describe the Western understanding
• Westerners = Orientalist stereotypes
• Orient = place of mystery and romance,
  populated with exotic, dark-skinned
• Ethnography + anthropology = academic 1880s contributed to Orientalism
• Scholars and adventurers to study supposedly primitive cultures and artifacts
• Scientific studies, articles, and books, in museums of ethnography and natural history.
• Scholars, authors, and artists = spread notions of Western superiority and justified colonial expansion (not necessarily racists or imperialists)

Question 32

Critics of imperialism (J.A. Hobson, Marxism)

Answer 32

• Critics of Western imperialism early 20th century

==> J.A. Hobson argued that imperialism was driven by the economic needs of unregulated capitalism, and only benefited special interest groups at the
expense of taxpayers and natives.

==> Marxist critics, Rosa Luxemburg + Lenin = imperialism as capitalism to expand into non-capitalist regions for high profits

Criticisms on moral condemnation of whites ruling + application of a degrading double standard.
- EU failing to live up noble ideals of representative government, individual liberties, and equality of opportunity, and by renouncing imperialism = worthy of their traditions.
- These critics provided colonial peoples with a Western ideology of liberation

Question 33

Responding to western imperialism
What was the general pattern of non-Western responses to Western expansion?

Answer 33

• Western expansion disruptive to Africans/Asians
• Ruling classes + local economies threatened
• Christian missionaries + EU secular ideologies challenged beliefs and values
• Non-Western people crisis of identity
• White powerful and arrogant

Question 34

The pattern of response

Answer 34

• African + Asian away Western expansion, but failed (superior military technology)
• Responses from traditionalists to modernizers
• Shattered by superior force, some accepted imperial rule
• Colonized lands = peasant societies
• Anti-imperialist developed human dignity,
  economic emancipation, and political independence, by Western ideologies.
• Nationalism = control its own destiny + strength from Western thought and culture

Question 35

Empire in india

Answer 35

• India ruled by British East India Company and later British Parliament from 1848 to 1947.
• Last attempt to drive out the British by military force in 1857-1858 ==> loyal native troops from southern India.
• UK elite in India = fewer than 3,500 officials who controlled a population of 300M + strict job discrimination and social segregation
• British women = important in imperial enterprise, managing complex households + servants with authoritarianism.
• UK racially superior: their rule as superiority
• UK colonial rule began in the mid-18th century and lasted until the mid-20th century.
• Sense of mission (racial and cultural superiority) - - Introduce changes to India.
• UK women sought to improve the lives of Indian women, promoting education + legislation, move them closer to Western women’s
• UK RULE = creation of a new native elite Western thought/culture= modern econ. development
• Rise of nationalism among Indian elite = demands for equality and self-government
• Educated Indians founded the Indian National Congress
• Indian independence increasing by the early 1900s.

Question 36

The example of Japan (Samurai and western involvement and inspiration)

Answer 36

• Japan = complex feudal society ruled by a hereditary military governor, the shogun, with power in samurai warrior nobility
• Foreign intrusion + unequal treaties with Western countries = antiforeign terrorism +antigovernment assassinations by radical samurai (1858-1863)
• Fleet of US, UK, NL, and FR warships demolished forts and weakened power
• 1867 = coalition patriotic samurai seized control of the gov + restored political power of emperor (Meiji Restoration)
• The Meiji leaders = reform Japan modern lines, unified state, social equality, freedom of movement + free, competitive, government-stimulated economy
• Japan built railroads + modern factories, adapted the West’s science and technology + established modern navy/army (as EU)
• Japan copied imperialism of Western society, (imperialist power by 1910)

==> Japan’s achievement fascinated Chinese and Vietnamese nationalists + patriots throughout Asia and Africa
==> Example of national recovery and liberation

Question 37

Toward revolution in china

Answer 37

• 1860 = Qing Dynasty in China: collapse due to foreign aggression + internal rebellion
• Destructive foreign aggression lessened –> EU contributed to China’s recovery
• Sino-Japanese War of 1894 to 1895 + peace treaty = China’s object of concessions and protectorates
• Desperate hundred days of reform in 1898, but rejected
• Violent antiforeign reaction = encouraged Qing court and Boxers blaming ills on foreigners
• Foreign armies defeated the Boxers + occupied
  Beijing
• China accept a penalties
• Anarchy + foreign influence + revolutionary

1912 = coalition of revolutionaries toppled the Qing Dynasty + ==> proclaimed a Western-style republic with an elected parliament