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History: Europe > Chapter 23: Age of Nationalism > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Age of Nationalism Flashcards

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1
Q

Objectives of Nap. III

A
  • reconcile popular and conservative
    forces in an authoritarian nation-state
  • government should represent the people
  • national unity and social progress
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2
Q

Napoleon as President

A
  • elected for 4 ys as president
  • to pay his debts, signed the conservative sponsored bill
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3
Q

Conservative sponsored bill

A
  • increased involvement of Catholic Church in school
  • deprived poor people from vote
  • change the constitution for a 2nd term

–> pay his debt and longer presidency

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4
Q

Nap. III Coup

A
  • 1851 legally dismissed
  • restore male suffrage
  • plebiscite, 97% hereditary emperor
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5
Q

Nap III Second Empire

A
  • Success and failure between 1852 and 1870
  • 1850s = Econ growth (public work, higher wages, les unemployment)
    - railroad construction, reduce social and political tension, Econ. rights to workers
  • 1860s = criticism: progressive liberalization through more power to the assembly, opposition candidates greater freedom
  • 1869 new constitution for a parliamentary regime with hereditary emperor
  • reconcile strong national state with universal male suffrage in a democratic direction
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6
Q

Italian situation and national building

A

Divided in city states and part after congress in Vienna in 1815.
Idea of unified nation between 1815 and 1848
- Sardinia - Piedmont with liberal constitution and parliamentary gov is preferred
- Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state,
and religious liberty in the Syllabus of Errors.

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7
Q

Cavour and Garibaldi’s role

A

Cavour wanted the unification of Italy.
- 1858 = secret alliance with Nap III vs Austria
- 1859 = attack from Austria and peace in July and ceding Savoy and Nice to France
- May 1860 = Garibaldi’s liberation of Sicily
- Cavour’s plebiscite to liberate the kingdom and to join the regions, meeting in Naples to unify

Kingdom of Italy 1861, Venice integrated in 1866 and Rome in 1870

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8
Q

Austro-Prussian Rivalry

A

1848 = Unification of Germany under Frederik William IV blocked by Austria and Russia
- Tension between Austria-Prussia because of the dominance of the German Confederation
- Austria not included in the German Customs Union (= Prussia’s advantage)

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9
Q

Prussia’s Condition and Situation

A
  • Weak parliament in the hands of liberal middle class and control of the army
  • raise taxes and defense budget anticipating political change and war
  • 1862 = military budget rejected, Otto von Bismarck prime minister
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10
Q

Bismarck and beh Austro-Prussian war

A

1862 = constitutional crisis due to no power to parliament
- reorganized army and taxes
1866 = localized conflict, neutralized Russia and France
- War ended with victory for Prussia at the Battle of Sadowa: dissolution of German Confederation and annexation of states north Main

Partial realization of Prussian expansion

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11
Q

Controlling the German Parliament

A

-

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12
Q

Franco-Prussian war

A
  • Bismarck identified Prussia’s fate with the “national development of Germany.”
  • new North German Confederation, king of Prussia becoming president and Bismarck the chancellor
  • patriotic war with France can unify te country with south Germany
    1870 = war with France and defeated them at Sedan on Sep.1
  • 1871 = alsace and lorraine to germany: poisened relation between the two countries

==> Franco Prussian war = surge of patriotic feeling in the German Empire
==> Most powerful state in Europe

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13
Q

Slavery and nation building in the US

A
  • experienced a process of bloody nation building
  • North with factories and south industry with plantation dominating the economy and society
  • After 1848 = US gained war with Mexico –> led to Civil War
  • New American nationalism with the win of the north and the “Manifest Destiny” to straddle the continent as a great world power

==> new American nationalism grounded in economic and territorial expansion

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14
Q

The modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire

A

political crises in the mid- nineteenth century
- Both vast multinational states
- Long traditions of military conquest
- Absolutist rule by elites: dominant ethnic groups
- Opposed representative government/national independence for ethnic minorities
- Need to embrace modernization

==> Modernization was narrowly defined as economic, military, and social- political reforms that could enable a country to compete effectively with leading European nations

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15
Q

Great reforms in Russia

A
  • 1853 - 1856 = Crimean War: breakdown of the European balance of power and general
    Great Power competition over the Middle East (lost 450k soldiers, impact on home-front and attention of national press)
  • Protection of Christian in Jerusalem
  • Russian’s leaders convinced they’re behind industrializing nations
  • War caused peasant rebellion
  • Need of railroads, armaments… to remain Great
  • Military disaster leading to rapid social change and modernization (abolishing serfdom in 1861)
    ==> War destroyed the economic and industrial modernization
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16
Q

The Russian revolution in 1905

A
  • Western Imperialism prevalent but conflicts with Japan for North Korea
  • 1904 = Japanese attack to russia and defeat
  • 1905 = rev. culminate in the October manifesto
    Cooperation between duma and middle class liberals broke down the gov., tsar dismissed it and rewriting electoral law
    Russia became a conservative constitutional monarchy (aim = industrial Econ by 1914)
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17
Q

Red Shirts def

A

The guerrilla army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry.

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18
Q

Homestead Act def

A

An American law enacted during the Civil War that gave western land to settlers, reinforcing the concept of free labor in a market economy.

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19
Q

Crimean War def

A

A conflict fought between 1853 and 1856 over Russian desires to expand into Ottoman territory; Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottomans, underscoring the need for reform in the Russian empire.

20
Q

Bloody Sunday

A

A massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905, triggering a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy.

21
Q

October Manifesto

A

The result of a paralyzing general strike in October 1905, a Russian decree that granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected Duma (parliament) with real legislative power.

22
Q

Duma

A

The Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes

23
Q

Tanzimat

A

A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model.

24
Q

Young Turks

A

Fervent patriots who seized power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms.

25
Q

Reichstag

A

The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.

26
Q

Kulturkampf

A

Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878, result- ing from Pius IX’s declaration of papal infallibility.

27
Q

German Social Democratic party (SpD)

A

A German working-class political party founded in the 1870s, the SPD championed Marxism but in practice turned away from Marxist revolution and worked instead for social and workplace reforms in the German parliament.

28
Q

Dreyfus Affair

A

A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.

29
Q

People’s Bill

A

A bill proposed after the Liberal Party came to power in Britain in 1906, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare services, but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords.

30
Q

Zionism

A

A movement dedicated to building a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, started by Theodor Herzl.

31
Q

Revisionism

A

An effort by moderate socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the time.

32
Q

Reform and readjustment in the ottoman empire

A

-

33
Q

1839 - 76

A

Western-style Tanzimat reforms in Ottoman Empire

34
Q

1852 - 1870

A

Reign of Napoleon III in FRance

35
Q

1859 - 1870

A

Unification of Italy

36
Q

1861

A

Freeing of Russian serfs

37
Q

1861 - 1865

A

US civil war

38
Q

1866

A

Austro-Prussian war

39
Q

1870 - 1871

A

Franco-Prussian war

40
Q

1870 - 1878

A

Kulturkampf, Bismarck’s attack on Catholic Church

41
Q

1873

A

Stock market crash spurs renewed anti-Semitism, beginning in central and eastern Europe

42
Q

1883

A

First social security laws to help workers in Germany

43
Q

1890 - 1900

A

Witte initiates second surge of Russian industrialization

44
Q

1905

A

Revolution in Russia

45
Q

1906 - 1914

A

Social reform in Great Britain

46
Q

1908

A

Young Turks seize power in Ottoman Empire

History: Europe (7 decks)

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