Lectures 13-23 Ashley Garril Flashcards
What is your metabolism?
Metabolism is the process by which your body converts what you eat and drink into energy. During this complex biochemical process, calories in food and beverages are combined with oxygen to release the energy your body needs to function
What is a metabolic pathway?
A metabolic pathway is a series of connected chemical reactions that feed one another. The pathway takes in one or more starting molecules and, through a series of intermediates, converts them into products.
What are catabolic pathways?
In contrast, cellular respiration breaks sugar down into smaller molecules and is a “breaking down,” or catabolic, pathway.
What are anabolic pathways?
Photosynthesis, which builds sugars out of smaller molecules, is a “building up,” or anabolic, pathway
What is the bacterial cell?
Bacteria are all single-celled. The cells are all prokaryotic . This means they do not have a nucleus or any other structures which are surrounded by membranes . … Bacteria also have small, closed-circles of DNA called plasmids present in their cytoplasm.
What are bacterial cells made up of?
30% chemicals and 70% water
Are our cells just stocks of chemicals?
No our cells have functions too such as movement, membrane transport, and chemical synthesis (WORK)
What are the 3 forms of work in our cells?
Movement, Membrane transport, and Chemical synthesis
What is a function of cells that is essential for life?
Cells need to move organelles around
What are organelles?
Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.
True or False? Things moving inside a cell can cause the cell itself to move.
True .
What is a cytoskeleton?
A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence.
True or False? Cell migration is crucial for development.
True
Which type of blood cells move around and eat things that aren’t meant to be in your body?
White blood cells
If you had an infection what type of blood cells would you see an influx of in your body?
White blood cells
What are Neutrophils?
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that helps heal damaged tissues and resolve infections. Neutrophil blood levels increase naturally in response to infections, injuries, and other types of stress.
What is membrane transport?
Membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes
What is 50% of the energy used by the brain used for?
To move Na+ and K+ across cell membranes.
What causes muscle contraction in the body?
The muscle contraction cycle is triggered by calcium ions binding to the protein complex troponin, exposing the active-binding sites on the actin. As soon as the actin-binding sites are uncovered, the high-energy myosin head bridges the gap, forming a cross-bridge.
What is the macromolecule of a sugar?
A polysaccharide
What is the macromolecule of an amino acid?
A protein
What is the macromolecule of a nucleotide?
A nucleic acid
Can cells do work?
Yes
How are molecules transformed?
They can be transformed via controlled environments of chemical reactions and by specific enzymes.
What is the reductionist approach?
An approach where you break the system down to its pieces to reason about it from the properties of these pieces
In a cell do multiple or single reactions occur?
Multiple as they do not occur in isolation
What is metabolic disequilibrium?
Metabolic equilibrium is a state in which metabolism is in a lower energy level such that no change can happen without the input of energy.
What is your metabolic map?
All the metabolic pathways in a cell that contribute to its metabolism.
What does catabolic mean?
Catabolic means “breaking down.” Therefore it is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions
What does Anabolic mean?
Anabolic means “building up”. Anabolic processes use simple molecules within the organism to create more complex and specialized compounds
Are catabolic or Anabolic reactions spontaneous?
Catabolic reactions are spontaneous and anabolic reactions are non-spontaneous
Out of catabolic and anabolic reactions which one yields energy and which involves an energy cost?
Catabolic reactions yield energy and Anabolic reactions involve energy costs.
What is energy coupling?
Energy coupling is transfer of energy from catabolism to anabolism, or transfer of energy from exergonic process to endergonic process.
True or False. Energy derived from catabolic pathways can be use to drive anabolic pathways.
True
What is ATP?
an organic compound that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, e.g. muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.
What is NADH?
A cofactor that is central to metabolism. Found in all living cells. NADH is a crucial coenzyme in making ATP
What is NADPH?
NADPH is a product of the first stage of photosynthesis and is used to help fuel the reactions that take place in the second stage of photosynthesis. NADPH helps carry electrons and protons driven by sunlight into new carbon-carbon bonds, creating sugar molecules
What is the difference between NADH & NADPH?
NADPH is the reduced form of NADP
How are metabolic pathways regulated?
VIA enzymes, allosterically, covalently, and genetically.
What is glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH
What is the citric acid cycle?
a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into adenosine triphosphate and carbon dioxide
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy of molecular oxygen, which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate. In most eukaryotes, this takes place inside mitochondria.
What are enzymes?
a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
How do cells control their mechanisms?
Through regulating enzymes which ensures they have the materials and energy to do work and hence stay alive.
What is delta G in biochemistry?
The delta G of a reaction is the free energy of the final state minus the free energy of the initial state, making it is independent of the reaction pathway. However, the value of delta G provides no information on the rate of a reaction.
What do you need to be able to do work?
Energy