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BIOL 2005 > (Lectures 10-11, Chapter 14) The Heart > Flashcards

(Lectures 10-11, Chapter 14) The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of the cardiovascular system

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood
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2
Q

Examples of the transport of substances

A
  • Oxygen/nutrients to cells
  • Waste to liver/kidneys
  • Hormones, immune cells, clotting factors to target cells
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3
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • Movement of blood between the heart and lungs
  • Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs
  • Blood is ejected from the right pump
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4
Q

Systemic Circulation

A
  • Movement of blood between the heart and all organs/tissues (except the alveoli)
  • Blood is ejected from the left pump
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5
Q

Arteries vs veins

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry it to the heart

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6
Q

Capillaries

A

Blood vessels with very thin walls - site of substance exchange between organs/tissues and blood

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7
Q

Arterioles and venules

A

Connect arteries and veins (respectively) to capillaries

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8
Q

Is systemic circulation parallel or in series?

A

Parallel; blood flows through many organs at once (artery -> organ/tissue -> vein -> heart)

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9
Q

Is pulmonary circulation parallel or in series?

A

Series (RA -> RV -> Lungs -> LA -> LV)

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10
Q

T/F: the base of the heart is the bottom of it, and the apex is the top

A

False; it’s the other way around

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11
Q

The heart is found in the ______ cavity

A

thoracic

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12
Q

Components of the heart wall (3)

A
  • Epicardium: external protective layer
  • Myocardium: middle layer w/cardiac muscle cells
  • Endocardium: inner layer of epithelial tissue, continuous with major blood vessels
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13
Q

Pericardium

A
  • Fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart
  • Provides protection, lubrication
  • Anchors the heart in the thoracic cavity
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14
Q

What feature of the atria and ventricles demonstrates the difference in how much pressure they experience?

A

Thickness of walls; atria have much thinner walls than ventricles

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15
Q

Major blood vessels leading to/from the heart (4)

A
  • Superior/inferior vena cavas bring deoxygenated blood to the heart
  • Pulmonary trunk carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
  • Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart
  • The aorta sends oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
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16
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A
  • The bicuspid/mitral valve separates the left side of the heart
  • The tricuspid valve separates the right side
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17
Q

These tissues in the heart hold the AV valves in place

A

Chordae tendinae

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18
Q

When do the AV valves open?

A

When atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure

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19
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • Aortic valve separates the LV and aorta

- Pulmonary valve separates the RV and pulmonary trunk

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20
Q

When do the semilunar valves open?

A

When the heart (ventricles) contracts

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21
Q

How is the heart supplied with blood?

A

Coronary arteries/veins

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22
Q

What separates the left and right sides of the heart?

A

Septal wall

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23
Q

Steps of heart contraction

A
  1. Atria contract
  2. AV valves open
  3. Ventricles contract
  4. SL valves open
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24
Q

What are some ways in which cardiac muscle differs from skeletal muscle? (6)

A
  • Many types of cells
  • Fewer progenitor stem cells
  • Limited ability to repair
  • Multiple cells form a fiber
  • Cells only grow by expansion (# of cells doesn’t increase)
  • Rely on mostly aerobic respiration
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25
Q

What structure joins cardiac muscle cells?

A

Intercalated discs

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26
Q

Types of cellular junctions in intercalated discs

A
  1. Desmosomes hold cells together, but still allow some movement
  2. Gap junctions let electrical signals travel between cells
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27
Q

Intercalated cells let the heart function as a _______.

A

syncytium

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28
Q

Where are pacemaker cells found? What unique characteristic do they have?

A
  • Found in the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes
  • Cells can spontaneously depolarize
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29
Q

Steps of cardiac conduction

A
  1. SA node spontaneously depolarizes and generates an action potential, which makes the atria contract
  2. Signal travels to AV node; cells spontaneously depolarize after a short delay
  3. Signal travels down bundles of His and splits over left/right bundle branches
  4. Signal travels to Purkinje fibers, ventricles contract
  5. Heart returns to rest
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30
Q

Where are the SA and AV nodes located?

A

SA node: upper-right region of right atrium

AV node: lower region of the right atrium

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31
Q

Describe the permeability of cardiac contractile cells during contraction

A

Depolarizing Phase: Increased Na+ permeability
Initial Repolarizing Phase: Decreased Na+, increased K+
Plateau: Increased Ca2+, decreased K+
Final Repolarizing Phase: Decreased Ca2+, increased K+
Rest: Resting membrane potential

32
Q

How does EC coupling in cardiomyocytes differ from skeletal muscle?

A
  • Signal arrives from gap junctions
  • Ca2+ is released from the SR when Ca2+ enters the sarcoplasm from the ECF (Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release)
  • Ca2+ is removed from the sarcoplasm by two methods of active transport: Ca2+ ATPase and the Ca2+-Na+ exchanger (1 Ca2+ ejected to ECF, 3 Na+ brought in)
33
Q

Why is it necessary to remove Ca2+ from the sarcoplasm?

A
  • Return to rest

- Generate effective depolarizations afterwards

34
Q

Why is the refractory period important for cardiac cells?

A

Allows time for the ventricles to empty

35
Q

What is an electrocardiogram?

A

A test that measures the heart’s electrical activity, which can indicate issues with heart function

36
Q

P Wave

A

SA node fires, atria depolarize/contract

37
Q

P-Q Interval

A

delay of cardiac conduction at AV node`

38
Q

QRS Complex

A

Ventricular depolarization; atria repolarize here, but the former is much stronger so the latter isn’t evident

39
Q

T Wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

40
Q

Which is faster: ventricular depolarization or ventricular repolarization?

A

Ventricular depolarization

41
Q

S-T Segment

A

Period where ventricles are 100% depolarized and there’s no electrical activity in the heart. Plateau of action potential.

42
Q

Q-T Segment

A

time elapsed by ventricular depolarization and ventricular repolarization

43
Q

Bradycardia

A

slower-than-normal heart rate

44
Q

Tachycardia

A

faster-than-normal heart rate

45
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart’s chambers (can describe atria or ventricles) - period of high pressure

46
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart’s chambers (can describe atria or ventricles) - period of low pressure

47
Q

Order the steps of the cardiac cycle:

  • Atrial Contraction
  • Isovolumetric Contraction
  • Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation
  • Passive Ventricular Filling
  • Ventricular Ejection
A
  1. Passive Ventricular Filling
  2. Atrial Contraction
  3. Isovolumetric Contraction
  4. Ventricular Ejection
  5. Isovolumetric Ventricular Relaxation
48
Q

What happens during passive ventricular filling?

A
  • Atria fill with blood from veins

- Atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure, so AV valves open + blood passively flows into ventricles

49
Q

Why are the SL valves closed during passive ventricular filling?

A

Pressure in the aorta/pulmonary trunk is greater than in the ventricles

50
Q

What happens during atrial contraction?

A
  • SA node fires, atrial mycoytes depolarize, atria contract (atrial systole)
  • Ventricles remain in diastole
  • Blood is pushed into ventricles
51
Q

What is the name for the volume of blood in the ventricles after the end of atrial contraction?

A

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

52
Q

What happens during isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

A
  • Brief period of pressure buildup
  • Ventricles depolarize and start systole; atria move into diastole (start of QRS complex)
  • All 4 valves are briefly closed
53
Q

What happens during ventricular ejection?

A
  • Ventricular contraction continues; pressure increases past that in aorta, pulmonary trunk
  • SL valves open as ventricular pressure increases
54
Q

What happens during isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?

A
  • Ventricles repolarize, enter diastole, and begin refilling

- Relaxation of ventricles allows pressure to drop below that of atria

55
Q

What is the name for the volume of blood in the ventricles after the end of venticular ejection?

A

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

56
Q

What is the name for the volume of blood in the ventricles after the end of ventricular ejection?

A

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

57
Q

T/F: In a healthy person, blood will flow from the aorta/pulmonary trunk back into the heart

A

False; this is prevented by the SL valves

58
Q

Heart sounds

A
  • “Lubb”; louder, longer, heard at IVC (step 3 of cardiac cycle), caused by vibrations as AV valves close
  • “Dubb”; softer, shorter, heard at IVR (step 5 of cardiac cycle), caused by vibrations as SL valves close
59
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles per heartbeat (EDV - ESV)

60
Q

Ejection Fraction

A

% of blood pumped with each contraction

EJ = (SV/EDV) * 100%

61
Q

What is the typical range for ejection fraction? What happens if it falls below this range?

A

55-75%

Lower EJ can lead to heart failure

62
Q

What are two factors that regulate stroke volume?

A

Preload and afterload

63
Q

Preload

A

Tension created as the chambers of the heart stretch

64
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure from the blood exerted on the heart, which it must overcome in order to eject blood (i.e. preload must be high enough so heart can overcome afterload)

65
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Amount of blood ejected per unit time

CO = SV * heart rate

66
Q

Aortic Stenosis

A

Narrowing of aortic valve opening due to calcification, which impacts its ability to open and close (can’t fully do either)

67
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Damage to arterial walls

68
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Buildup of fatty deposits along the walls of arteries

69
Q

Coronary Artery Diease

A

Plaque buildup in coronary arteries results in heart not receiving enough blood

70
Q

Coronary Angiogram

A
  • Dye injected into the body allows for a 3D image of the coronary vessels + the surrounding area
  • Red = vessel w/adequate blood flow; blue = poor blood flow
  • Green = healthy tissue; no colour = dead tissue
71
Q

Name one method of treating CAD.

A

Angioplasty (restoring blood flow) by placing a stent in the artery.

72
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Heart attack; occurs when blockage in coronary vessel(s) causes the death of the tissue it supplies

  • The heart becomes stiff/hard and can’t contract/relax as well
  • Other tissues can’t get enough oxygen, so the heart tries to pump more and temporary hypertrophy occurs. However, this can’t supply organs/tissues with enough blood
73
Q

Name one method of detecting issues with myocardial blood flow.

A

Molecular imaging - PET and SPECT imaging use radioisotopes to check the heart

74
Q

What are some benefits of systemic circulation being in parallel?

A
  • Multiple organs and tissues can receive oxygenated blood at the same time
  • Blood flow to an organ/tissue is regulated independently from that of other organs/tissues
  • Each organ/tissue receives its own (i.e. an adequate) supply of oxygenated blood
75
Q

T/F: When the papillary muscles contract, they pull on the chordae tendinae and open the AV valves

A

False; the contraction of the papillary muscles closes the AV valves

BIOL 2005 (8 decks)

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