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BIOL 2005 > (Lectures 1-3) Intro > Flashcards

(Lectures 1-3) Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

Study of an organism’s functions

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2
Q

Levels of organization in the body (6)

A

Chemical < Cellular < Tissue < Organ < System < Organismal

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3
Q

Components of chemical level

A

Atoms, molecules

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4
Q

Examples of elements essential to maintaining life

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur

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5
Q

Def. of cell

A
  • Basic structural/functional units of an organism

- Smallest unit capable of supporting life

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6
Q

6 life processes

A
  • Metabolism
  • Reproduction
  • Differentiation
  • Growth
  • Movement
  • Responsiveness
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7
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all reactions in the body; catabolism (breakdown) + anabolism (synthesis)

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8
Q

Responsiveness

A

Body’s ability to detect and respond to internal/external environmental changes

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9
Q

Movement

A

Motion of the body, organs, cells, and intercellular structures

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10
Q

Growth

A

Increase in body size due to

  • An increase in the number of cells
  • An increase in the size of existing cells
  • An increase in material between cells
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11
Q

Differentiation

A

Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

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12
Q

Reproduction

A

Formation of new cells for tissue growth/repair/replacement, or the production of a new individual

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13
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment despite changes to the external environment

It’s dynamic, and maintained by the processes that control and regulate the body.

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14
Q

T/F: Homeostasis in the body is only maintained at the cellular level

A

False; it’s maintained at all levels

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15
Q

Compartmentalization

A
  • Body is divided into compartments that contain fluids and are separated by semipermeable membranes
  • Transport occurs between the compartments
  • Exchange between internal/external environments helps maintain homeostasis
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16
Q

Feedback Loop

A

A cycle of events where a parameter of the internal environment is repeatedly monitored, evaluated, and changed

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17
Q

Feedforward

A

Mechanism used by our bodies in anticipation of a change in a controlled variable (e.g. mouth watering in anticipation of food)

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18
Q

T/F: homeostasis is fixed at a certain point

A

False

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19
Q

Homeostatic set point

A

Value around which the normal range of a variable fluctuates; serves as an error-sensing function

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20
Q

T/F: there are always minor adjustments being made to maintain a normal operating range

A

True

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21
Q

Negative feedback

A

Reverses a change in a controlled variable

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22
Q

Positive feedback

A

Strengthen/reinforce a change in a controlled variable

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23
Q

Stimulus

A

Disrupts homeostasis by either increasing or decreasing a controlled variable

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24
Q

Receptors

A

Sense changes to controlled variables and send input (action potentials) to the control center

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25
Q

Control center

A
  • Determines the set point
  • Evaluates input from receptors
  • Generates output when necessary
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26
Q

Effectors

A

Receive output from the control center, produce a response that changes the controlled variable

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27
Q

3 main components of a cell

A
  • Plasma membrane (outer surface)
  • Cytoplasm (cellular contents between membrane and nucleus)
  • Nucleus (contains most of the cell’s DNA)
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28
Q

Structure of the plasma membrane

A
  • Lipid bilayer; polar/hydrophilic heads face the ECF and cytosol, with the nonpolar/hydrophobic tails between them
  • Contains phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids
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29
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Found on the surface of the membrane (either internal or external)

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30
Q

Integral proteins

A

Found within the lipid bilayer; known as transmembrane proteins if they span the lipid bilayer

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31
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A
  • Anchoring proteins
  • Recognition proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Receptor proteins
  • Carrier proteins
  • Channels
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32
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Cytoplasm - organelles

  • Site of many chemical reactions
  • Mostly water w/many dissolved particles (ions, glucose, amino acids, etc.)
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33
Q

What are organelles?

A

Specialized structures in the cell with specific functions

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34
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • High rRNA content
  • Each one includes ~80 proteins
35
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of membranes; flattened sacs, tubules

  • Rough ER has ribosomes
  • Smooth ER extends from rough ER; site of lipid synthesis, does not have ribosomes
36
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell! Make ATP

37
Q

Cytoskeleton - what are the 3 types?

A

Network of protein filaments that extends through the cytosol

  • Microfilaments (thinnest)
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules (thickest)
38
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Made of actin
  • Mostly found at the edge of the cell
  • Help generate movement
  • Provide mechanical support
  • Form microvilli
39
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A
  • Found where cells experience stress
  • Help position organelles
  • Attach cells to each other
40
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Hollow tubes, consist mostly of tubulin
  • Determine cell shape
  • Move organelles
  • Found in cilia, flagella
41
Q

4 primary types of tissue

A
  • Nervous
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
42
Q

Neural Tissue

A
  • Detects/responds to changes in the body’s external and internal environment
  • Consists of neurons and neuroglia
43
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  • Convert electrical signals into mechanical force; contract to generate movement
  • Can be voluntary or involuntary
44
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Covers body surfaces, lines internal body surfaces/cavities
  • Forms glands
  • Main function is as a protective barrier
45
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Binds tissue together
  • Supports/strengthens
  • Protects/insulates internal organs
  • Major transport system in the body
46
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Specialized components in the plasma membrane that hold cells together and help form tissues.

47
Q

Tight Junctions

A
  • Web-like strands of transmembrane proteins that connect the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes.
  • Prevent substances from passing between cells
48
Q

Desmosomes

A
  • Form filament-like junctions between cells
  • Bind cells together, providing additional strength (important where cells are under high mechanical stress!)
  • Contain the transmembrane protein cadherin
49
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • Form tunnels between cells so they can exchange materials (cytosol, ions, etc.); i.e. directly communicate with each other
50
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A
  • Anchor cells to the basement membrane

- Contain the transmembrane protein integrin

51
Q

Adherens Junctions

A
  • Help epithelial surfaces resist separation during contractile movements
  • Contain plaque that attaches to membrane proteins and microfilaments
  • Encircle a cell, forming zones called adhesion belts
52
Q

What substances can pass through the plasma membrane?

A
  • Nonpolar molecules

- Small, uncharged polar molecules

53
Q

What substances can’t passively move through the plasma membrane?

A
  • Ions

- Large, uncharged polar molecules

54
Q

What features of the membrane affect permeability?

A
  • Transmembrane proteins (carriers, channels)
  • Lipids (form vesicles)
  • Cholesterol (can make membrane impermeable)
55
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The different in concentration between two areas (e.g. either side of a plasma membrane)

56
Q

What is an electrical gradient?

A

The difference in electrical charge between two areas (e.g. either side of a plasma membrane - created by ions)

57
Q

What is an electrochemical gradient?

A

Electrical gradient + concentration gradient

58
Q

Passive Transport

A

Substances move down their concentration/chemical gradient without the expenditure of energy

59
Q

Active Transport

A

Substances move against their concentration; energy is required

60
Q

What process is linked to other reactions so they can easily use the energy it releases?

A

ATP hydrolysis

61
Q

Factors that affect diffusion

A
  • Steepness of concentration gradient
  • Temperature
  • Mass of diffusing particle
  • Surface area
  • Diffusion distance
62
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement of substances directly through the plasma membrane

63
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of substances through carriers/channels down their concentration gradient

64
Q

T/F: Channels (for facilitated diffusion) are not ion-specific

A

False

65
Q

Which two ion channels are more common in plasma membranes?

A

K+ and Cl-

66
Q

Between simple and facilitated diffusion, which is faster?

A

Simple diffusion

67
Q

Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Solutes move down their concentration/electrochemical gradient through a membrane channel

68
Q

Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Solutes move down their concentration/electrochemical gradient by binding to a carrier protein. A change in the protein’s shape allows the solute to enter or exit the cell.

69
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane.

Occurs by simple diffusion and through aquaporins (channels)

70
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by a liquid

71
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The amount of pressure needed to completely stop the osmotic movement of water

72
Q

Osmolarity

A

Measure of the total number of dissolved particles per litre of solution

73
Q

If HCl and estrogen were each placed in water, which solution would have a higher osmolarity?

A

HCl, because it would dissolve into H+ and Cl- ions. Estrogen does not dissolve.

74
Q

Tonicity

A

Effect of osmolarity on cell shape; affects cell volume, which then affects shape

75
Q

3 levels (?) of tonicity and effect on a cell

A

Isotonic: equal concentrations of nonpenetrating solutes on either side of a membrane, cell is unaffected

Hypertonic: higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes outside a membrane, net decrease in solvent entering cell

Hypotonic: higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes inside a membrane, net increase in solvent entering cell

76
Q

Primary vs. Secondary Active Transport

A

Primary: uses energy from hydrolysis of ATP to change the shape of a pump

Secondary: uses energy from an ion’s electrochemical gradient to transport other solutes via a pump

77
Q

Symport vs Antiport

A

Symport: secondary active transport where both solutes move in the same direction

Antiport: secondary active transport where both solutes move in different directions

78
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Lipids form vesicles, which engulf solutes to move them across the plasma membrane.

79
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles move substances out of the cell

80
Q

Endocytosis

A

Vesicles bring substances into the cell.

81
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

Ligand binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane, and a vesicle forms to bring the ligand into the cell

82
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cells engulf large solids (e.g. worn-out cells, bacteria, viruses); protects body from disease

83
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cells intake small droplets of ECF; no receptors involved!

84
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Similar structure to lysosomes
  • Contain enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize organic compounds and produce H2O2
  • Abundant in liver cells

BIOL 2005 (8 decks)

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