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BIOL 2005 > (Lecture 12, Chapter 14) Blood Vessels > Flashcards

(Lecture 12, Chapter 14) Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: the vascular walls of all blood vessels have the same composition

A

False

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2
Q

The vasculature is a _____ system.

A

closed

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3
Q

Endothelium

A
  • Inner layer of all blood vessels

- In direct contact with blood and fluids in the lumen of blood vessels

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4
Q

What are the 5 types of vasculature?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Arterioles
  • Venules
  • Capillaries
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5
Q

Vasodilation

A

Blood vessel widens/relaxes due to decrease in activity of sympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

Smooth muscles in the vasculature are innervated by the __________

A

sympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Blood vessel constricts due to increase in activity of sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

Vascular Tone

A

Sympathetic activity that is always applied to blood vessels

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9
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

Arteries with large amounts of elastic tissue in their walls. This applies to many arteries with a large diameter, such as the aorta and the pulmonary trunk.

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10
Q

What makes the elastic tissue in the aorta and pulmonary trunk significant?

A

They can expand and contract; the aorta stretches during ventricular contraction and recoils during ventricular relaxation (although it still sends blood to the organs/tissues regardless)

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11
Q

How can the elastic arteries lose elasticity?

A
  • Lipid buildup, scarring

- Arteries stiffen with age

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12
Q

Name an important function of elastic arteries.

A

They act as pressure reservoirs, i.e. they maintain the driving force for blood flow when the ventricles relax

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13
Q

Despite the aorta recoiling during ventricular diastole, blood doesn’t re-enter the heart. Why?

A

Aortic valve is closed

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14
Q

Why are arterioles known as resistance vessels?

A

They contain a lot of smooth muscle, so they can affect blood flow by changing in diameter.

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15
Q

T/F: Vasoconstriction causes a decrease in resistance/pressure in blood vessels

A

False

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16
Q

What characteristic of capillaries allows for the exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissues?

A

Their walls are one cell thick, and some contain pores.

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A
  • Continuous capillaries
  • Fenestrated capillaries
  • Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids)
18
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A
  • Plasma membranes of cells form a continuous barrier
  • Vessels are interrupted by cellular clefts
  • Most common capillaries
  • Permeable to water, small solutes, glucose
19
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A
  • Contain pores (fenestrations), making them more permeable than continuous capillaries
  • Permeable to glucose, ions, amino acids, hormones
  • Found in kidneys, small intestine, endocrine organs
20
Q

Sinusoids

A
  • Wider, more winding, have very large fenestrations
  • Permeable to small molecules, proteins, cells
  • Found in bone marrow, spleen, liver
21
Q

What is the main method of capillary exchange?

A

Diffusion

22
Q

How are larger substances transported through capillary walls?

A

Transcytosis

23
Q

What blood vessels drain blood from the capillaries? What blood vessels carry blood back to the heart?

A

Venules, veins

24
Q

The movement of blood through the veins is facilitated by _______

A

skeletal muscles

25
Q

How does the return of blood to the heart overcome the low pressure in the veins?

A

Valves, pumps, muscle contraction

26
Q

Laminar Flow

A

Smooth, streamlined blood flow along the path of the vessel

27
Q

Turbulent Flow

A

Blood moves chaotically in vessel due to rough endothelial lining and/or sharp turns in the vessel

28
Q

How do the walls of blood vessels get damaged over time?

A
  • Shear stress tearing the vessel walls

- Vessels stiffen and can’t stretch

29
Q

Systolic Blood Pressure

A

Pressure in arteries during systole; highest mesasured pressure in the cardiovascular system

30
Q

Diastolic Blood Pressure

A

Pressure in arteries during diastole; lowest measured pressure in the cardiovascular system

31
Q

What device is used to measure blood pressure?

A

Syphgmonanometer

32
Q

How do we determine blood pressure (i.e. write it)?

A

Systolic BP/Diastolic BP

Measured in mmHg

33
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A
  • Average blood pressure in the arteries

- Drives blood flow in the cardiovascular system

34
Q

Where in the cardiovascular system is mean arterial pressure the highest? Where is it lower?

A

Highest: aorta, arteries

It’s lower in the capillaries, venules, and veins`

35
Q

What part of the body regulates mean arterial pressure?

A

The cardiovascular center

36
Q

How is mean arterial pressure regulated?

A
  • Blood is monitored by receptors
  • Signals are sent to the CV center
  • Regulation through ANS
37
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Monitor blood pressure and send signals to the CV center

38
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Monitor blood acidity and send signals to the CV center

39
Q

Vagus nerve

A
  • Part of the parasympathetic nervous system

- Decreases heart rate

40
Q

Cardiac accelerator nerves

A
  • Part of the sympathetic nervous system

- Increases heart rate and contractility

41
Q

Vasomotor nerves

A
  • Part of the sympathetic nervous system

- Causes vasoconstriction

BIOL 2005 (8 decks)

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