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Parasitology Micro > Lectures 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Lectures 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pinworm infection:

Whats the bug?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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2
Q

MC worm infection in US

A

Pinworm infection

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3
Q

Pinworm infection:

how to Dx?

A

scotch tape test

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4
Q

Pinworm infection:

signs/sxs

A

anal pruritis

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5
Q

Pinworm infection:

Tx?

A

pyrental pamoate or bendazoles

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6
Q

Pinworm infection:

transmission

A

fecal-oral

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7
Q

Endoparasite

A

parasite that lives inside of host (tapeworm, malaria)

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8
Q

ectoparasite

A

parasite that lives outside of host (tick)

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9
Q

Reservoir

A

host which maintains parasite in nature as a source for continued transmission

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10
Q

definitive host

A

host in which sexual reproduction takes place

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11
Q

intermediate host

A

Host in which development occurs, possibly asexual reproduction, but not sexual repro

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12
Q

accidental host

A

host in which parasite cannot complete life cycle

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13
Q

Metazoan also called what?

how many cells

A

Helminths

multicellular

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14
Q

protozoan how many cells?

A

single celled

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15
Q

life cycle of metazoan

A

egg, larval stage, adult stage

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16
Q

life cycle of protozoan

A

can be complex

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17
Q

types of metazoan

A

Roundworms

Flat worms

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18
Q

Roundworms subcategory

A

nematodes (ascaris, strongyloides)

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19
Q

Flatworms 2 types?

A

trematodes (flukes)
- schistosoma
Cestodes (tapeworms)
- taenia

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20
Q

Flagellates 3 types?

A

Leishmania, giardia, trypanosomes

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21
Q

4 categories of protozoans?

A

flagellates
amoebas
sporozoea
Ciliates

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22
Q

2 types of amoebas

A

entamoeba, naegleria

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23
Q

2 sporozoea

A

cryptosporidium, malaria

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24
Q

3 soil transmitted helminths

A

ascariasis
trichuriasis (whipworm)
hookworm

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25
Q

Hook worm:

Bug?

A

Ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus

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26
Q

Hook worm:

Transmission

A

Larvae penetrate skin –> blood –> lung –> swallow –> GI –> eggs in feces

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27
Q

Hook worm:

Dz?

A
  • worms have teeth
  • cause anemia by sucking blood from intestinal wall
  • can cause inflammation and eosinophilia
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28
Q

Hook worm:

Tx?

A

Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate

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29
Q

Hook worm:

type of parasite?

A

Nematode (round worm)

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30
Q 
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm):
type of parasite?
A

Nematode (round worm)

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31
Q 
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm):
transmission
A

fecal-oral

eat egg –> GI –> blood –> lung –> swallow –> GI (infected)

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32
Q 
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm):
common
A

Global morbidity per year = 1 billion

25% of population globally is infected

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33
Q 
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm):
Dz.
A

Intestinal infection

- large burden –> pneumonitis

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34
Q 
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm):
Tx
A

Pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole

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35
Q

Toxocara canis and T. cati:

Type?

A

Protozoa

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36
Q

Toxocara canis and T. cati:

lifecycle?

A

eggs from dog or cat roundworm ingested

- humans are accidental (dead end) hosts

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37
Q

Toxocara canis and T. cati:

Dz?

A
  • larvae penetrate lung, liver, eyes and cause inflammation
  • cutaneous larva cause migrating inflammation as worm moves in subQ tissue
  • major eosinophilic response
38
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:

Type of parasite

39
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:

lifecycle

A

soil –> skin –> blood –> lung –> GI –> lay eggs in gut (AUTOINFECTION)

40
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:

Dz?

A
  • frequently assymptomatic with eosinophilia
  • Sxs: 3 stages
    1. skin invasion - purpuric papule
    2. lung migration: loeffler’s syndrome (eosinophilic pneumonitis)
    3. intestinal phase: GI sxs
41
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:

Dz in immunocompromised host

A

disseminated infection

  • massive parasite burden in lungs –> resp. failure
  • acute abdomen and sepsis may occur
  • may not have eosinophilia (no immune system)
42
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:

Dx

43
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis:

Tx?

A

Ivermectin or albendazole

empirically treat high risk patients before immunosurppresive therapy

44
Q

Trichinosis:

Bug?

A

Trichinella spiralis

45
Q

Trichinosis:

Transmission?

A

Eat larva from flesh of carnivorous animal

- larva enters GI tract –> blood –> becomes encysted larva in striated muscle

46
Q

Trichinosis:

Dz?

A

gastroenteritis –> fever –> muscle tenderness –> inflammation and weakness –> WBC and eosinophilia

47
Q

Trichinosis:

Dx

48
Q

Trichinosis:

Tx

A

supportive therapy

mebendazole eliminates adults, but not larvae

49
Q 
Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantitis):
Bug?
A

Wuchereria bancrofti

50
Q 
Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantitis):
transmission?
A

mosquito –> blood –> lymphatics

51
Q 
Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantitis):
Dz?
A
  • adult organisms in lymph channel provokes inflam
  • adults die after 5 years, calcify, more inflam
  • lymph channel blocked –> fluid build up
52
Q 
Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantitis):
Dx?
A

Microfilaria in blood at night

53
Q 
Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantitis):
Tx?
A

Diethylcarbamazine kills adults

54
Q

Tapeworm:

Bug?

A 
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
55
Q

Tapeworm:

size?

A

these can be big (10 meters)

56
Q

Tapeworm:

parts?

A

scolex - head with sucking or grasping parts
proglottids - segment with branched uteri produces thousands of eggs (terminal portions break off and release eggs)

Note: these have no digestive tract –> must be long to absorb nutrients

57
Q

Tapeworm:

life cycle

A
  • eggs eaten by animals (pork)
  • larvae form cysts in muscle
  • eaten by human
  • pape worm in gut
  • larvae can get into brain
  • when they die –> inflammation
58
Q

Tapeworm:

Dz

A
  • Very little with intestinal infection

- neurocysticercosis (not a problem until worms die)

59
Q

Tapeworm:

Dx

A

eggs or proglottids from stool, serology/imaging

60
Q

Tapeworm:

Tx

A

Praziquantel

61
Q

Hydatid cyst disease:

Bug?

A

Echinococcus granulosus life cycle

62
Q

Hydatid cyst disease:

transmission and lifecycle?

A

ingestion of eggs in dog feces

63
Q

Hydatid cyst disease:

Dz

A
  • forms cysts in many tissues that grow slowly over time
  • liver cyst - obstructive jaundice
  • brain cyst - intracranial pressure
  • big problem if cyst ruptures –> anaphylaxis
64
Q

Hydatid cyst disease:

Dx

A

history (sheep, dogs)

serology

65
Q

Hydatid cyst disease:

Tx

A

surgery for cyst (inject ethanol to kill before removal)

- Mebendazole

66
Q

Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):

Bug

A

S. mansoni (africa)
S. japonicum (asia)
S. haematobium (africa)***

67
Q

Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):

transmission and lifecycle

A

fresh water snails are hosts

- adults live in blood vessels that drain intestine/bladder, produce huge numbers of eggs

68
Q

Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):

Dz?

A

S. haematobium - bladder granulomas, painless hematuria, associated with Squam bladder cancer

S. mansoni, S. japonicum - liver and spleen granulomas, fibrosis, inflammation –> Portal HTN and hepatosplenomegaly

69
Q

Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):

Tx

A

Praziquantel

70
Q

Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):

S. mansoni egg morphology

A

spine in middle (more like off to the side)

71
Q

Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):

S. japonicum egg morphology

72
Q

Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):

S. haematobium egg morphology

A

spine on tip (terminal spine)

73
Q

Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):

sexual pattern

A

female crawls inside of male and they circulate together laying eggs

74
Q

Entomoeba histolytica:

transmission/lifecycle

A
  • mature cyst ingested in fecally contaminated food, water, hands
  • trophozoites migrate to large intestines
  • trophozoites produce cysts
75
Q

Entomoeba histolytica:

Morphology

A

trophozoite (active form) - single nucleus often contains ingested RBCs
cyst - excreted

76
Q

Entomoeba histolytica:

Dz

A
  • major cause of amebic dysentery
  • chronic - recurrent episodes with blood and mucus in feces
  • can disseminate to liver, lung, brain –> forms abscesses
77
Q

Entomoeba histolytica:

Pathology

A

Flask-shaped ulcers in large intestine

78
Q

Entomoeba histolytica:

Dx

A

serology, cystes in stool

79
Q

Entomoeba histolytica:

Tx

A

Metronidazole

80
Q

Naegleria fowleri:

Transmission

A

freshwater lakes

- outbreaks in neti pots

81
Q

Naegleria fowleri:

Dz

A
  • migrates through cribiform plate to brain
  • can see amoeba in CSF
  • rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
82
Q

Naegleria fowleri:

Tx

A

Amphotericin B - but barely any survivors

83
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis:

Transmission

A

Sexual - cannot exist outside of human because cant form cysts

84
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis:

sxs and disease

A

foul-smelling, greenish, frothy discharge
itching and burning
increased pH of vagina
strawberry cervix

85
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis:

Dx

A

motile flagellated protozoan on wet mount

86
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis:

Rx

A

metronidazole for patient and partner

87
Q

Giardiasis:

Bug?

A

Giardia lamblia

88
Q

Giardiasis:

transmission

A

cysts in water (think hikers)

89
Q

Giardiasis:

morphology

A

2 nuclei and bilateral symmetry

looks kinda like tadpole with eyes

90
Q

Giardiasis:

sxs and Dz

A
  • flatulence, GI distension, foul-smelling diarrhea with lots of fats
  • flattened intestinal epithelium –> malabsorption
91
Q

Giardiasis:

Dx

A

cysts and trophs in stool

92
Q

Giardiasis:

Tx

A

metronidazole

Parasitology Micro (4 decks)

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