lectures 1-6 miscellaneous Flashcards
what is an example of parasitism?
malaria (plasmodium) and using mosquito as vector
what is an example of mutualism?
rhizobium and legumes, rhiz form nodules on plant roots and nodules help with providing nitrogen support
what is superinfection
if flora is removed by inappropriate use of antibiotics, occurs with resistant microbes
what are virulence factors of the bacteria?
capsules, pili, Iga protease production, iron capturing, production of coagulase and toxins, survival inside phagocytic cells
what are degrees of resistance of the host?
age, gender, physical and mental health, antibiotic therapy
what are lactoferrin binding proteins?
host iron binding proteins that bacteria scavenge iron from
what do Rec A proteins do?
exchange homologous dna sequences
what do chaperonins do?
help bacteria cope with stress
what do detoxification proteins do
play a role in virulence by protecting bacteria from oxidative damage
transposase use?
used in cut and paste and replicative transposition
tn5 (composite)
bacterial cut and paste transposons
what are the caveats of the transposon mutant screen?
no phenotypes if redunancy and cannot recover essential genes
what do M proteins help with?
virulence factors that help with attachment to various cells
how does TCR work?
- ligand induced receptor dimerization of TCR/CD3
- phosphorylation of the receptor ITAMs by Src family protein tyrosine kinases
- phosphorylated ITAMs act as a membrane docking site for ZAP-70
- ZAP-70 activate other proteins such as LAT that can recruit other proteins into the raft and further amplify the signal
- cytosolic kinase Csk bind to raft associated protein CBP and then inactivate the Src family kinases through phosphorylation
what are some professional phagocytes?
in blood: neutrophils and monocytes
in bone marrow: macrophages, monocytes, sinuisodal cells, lining cells
guts: macrophages
skin: langerhan cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells
what are some non professional cells/
lymphocytes, fibroblasts and erythrocytes
what does C5a do?
act as chemoattractants to attract phagocyte to organisms to be ingested
what does C3b do?
coats organisms
what do Rho GTPases control?
phagocytosis required by actin rearrangements and pseudopod extensions
what are cell barriers in innate system
macrophages, neutrophils, amd NK cells
what are the three functions that innate immune receptors mediate
phagocytic receptors stimulate pathogen upatake
chemotactic receptors guide phagocytes to infection
stimulate production of effector cells and cytokines that influence innate and adaptive responses
what does vasodilation of capillaries do?
causes redness of tissue, increase tissue temp and capillary permeability, influx of fluids and phagocytes into tissues
what are the leukocyte players of innate responses?
neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells
activation of what results in production what kind of cytokines?
activation of TLR, NLR,and RIG-I lead to TNF-a, IFNab, and IL-1b