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Pathogenic microbiology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what did people first believe bacteria was generated?`

A

through putrefaction (spoilage)

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2
Q

what is Spallanzani known for?

A

Challenging the theory of spontaneous generation when sealed flasks after sterilizing broth

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3
Q

What did Pasteur suggest and what else came from his suggestion?

A

Suggested the Germ Theory- specific bacterial organism were capable of causing an infectious disease. From that came asepsis, antisepsis, and disinfection techniques

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4
Q

what is Robert Koch most known for?

A

Showing which bacteria caused particular diseases

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5
Q

what are Koch’s postulates? (try describing it in your own words!)

A
  1. the microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not be found in healthy organisms
  2. the microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture
  3. the cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism
  4. the microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent
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6
Q

what are the structures essential for all prokaryotic cells?

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and one or a few chromosomes

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7
Q

what are some things you would find in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell?

A

DNA/chromosome, ribosome, and actin filaments

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8
Q

name the 3 layers of prokaryotic cell starting from most inner to most outer

A

cytoplasmic membrane, then cell wall, then capsule

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9
Q

what makes up the cell envelope, where is it and what does it do?

A

it is the external covering outside the cytoplasm, made up of cell wall and cell membrane and it maintains cell integrity

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10
Q

what is the cover for a gram positive bacteria?

A

thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and cell membrane (2 layers)

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11
Q

what is the cover for a gram negative bacteria?

A

outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and a cell membrane (3 layers)

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12
Q

what are the functions of the cell walls?

A

determines cell shape, prevents lysis (bursting) or collapsing due to changing osmotic pressures.

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13
Q

what is the primary component of the cell wall?

A

peptidoglycan

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of a gram positive cell wall?

A

thick (20-80 nm), homogenous sheath of peptidoglycan, contains both lipoteichoic acid and teichoic acid

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15
Q

What the functions of the gram positive cell wall?

A

cell wall maintenance, enlargement during cell division, move cations across the envelope, and stimulate a specific immune response

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16
Q

Where would you find LPS, lipoproteins, and porin proteins?

A

In the outermost layer of a gram negative cell wall

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17
Q

what do porins do?

A

regulate molecules entering and leaving the cell through passive diffusion

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18
Q

what are the 3 parts of LPS?

A

Lipid A (toxic part), core polysaccharide (helps solubilise lipid A), and O sidechain (somatic antigen)

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19
Q

what happens to a gram positive bacteria when stained?

A

retains crystal violet and stains purple

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20
Q

what happens to a gram negative bacteria when stained?

A

lose crystal violet and stain red from safranin counterstain

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21
Q

what are the 4 steps to staining?

A
  1. crystal violet (primary dye)
  2. gram’s iodine (mordant)
  3. alcohol (decolorizer)
  4. safranin (red dye counterstain)
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22
Q

what are the external surfaces on a prokaryote?

A

appendages and glycocalyx

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23
Q

What are the two major groups of appendages and examples of them?

A
  1. motility- flagella and axial filaments

2. attachment or channels-fimbriae and pili

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24
Q

True or False: all prokaryotes have flagella

A

False!!!! not all prokaryotes have flagella

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25
Q

what are the parts to a bacterial flagella?

A

filament, hook, and basal body

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26
Q

which gram stained bacteria have the most protein rings in their flagella

A

gram (+) have 2 and gram (-) have 4

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27
Q

what are the two kinds of proteins in a bacterial flagella

A

flagellin protein (filament) and integral proteins in the basal body

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28
Q

what are the two types of external stimulus?

A

chemical stimuli- chemotaxis and light sitmuli phototaxis

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29
Q

what are some aspects of runs?

A

single direction, counterclockwise,smooth linear direction, increase with positive stimulus

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30
Q

what are some aspects of tumbles?

A

abrupt, random, clockwise, increase with negative stimulus

31
Q

how fimbriae and flagella different?

A

fimbriae are fine and small, flagella are long and thick

32
Q

what is the function of fimbriae?

A

big in adhesion to other cells and surfaces

33
Q

what are the two types of glycocalyx?

A

slime layer-loosely organized and attached

capsule-highly organized and attached

34
Q

what is the function of the glycocalyx?

A

protects cell from dehydration and nutrient loss, inhibit phagocytosis and killing white blood cells, and attachment-formation of biofilms

35
Q

what are the functions of the capsule?

A

firmly attach to cell surface, protects cell from drying out, and may prevent bacteria from being recognized and destroyed by host

36
Q

describe predation

A

predator vs prey where predator consumes prey

37
Q

describe competition

A

an interaction between two organisms over the same limited resource

38
Q

what are the two kinds of competition

A

intraspecific and interspecific

39
Q

describe symbiosis

A

relationship where one at least one species relies on another to survive

40
Q

what are the 3 kinds of symbiosis and describe them

A

mutualism- both benefit
commensalism-one benefited and the other unaffected
parasitism-one benefit and one hurt

41
Q

what is an opportunistic pathogen

A

only cause disease in immunocompromised hosts

42
Q

what are some examples of those affected by opportunistic pathogens

A

AIDS, transplant, cancer, and already ill patients

43
Q

what are frank pathogens

A

cause disease in either healthy or immunocompromised individuals

44
Q

facultative pathogens

A

fall between opportunistic and frank, majority of organisms that cause disease fall into this group

45
Q

as it pertains to virulence, how are pili used?

A

pili help connect so that exchange of genetic info can happen which can help produce proteases that chop up IgA

46
Q

what is pathogenicity?

A

is the potential to cause disease and is applied to groups or species of organisms

47
Q

what is virulence?

A

the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species and is measurable by the LD50 or ID50

48
Q

what is the difference between LD50 and ID50?

A

LD50 is the dose of bacteria that can cause 50% to die, ID50 is the dose that causes 50% of infection

49
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

the manner by which the disease develops, including the chain of molecular events that lead to development of disease in microorganisms

50
Q

what are 4 ways that bacteria alter their genes in response to the environment?

A
  1. DNA sequence modification
  2. transcriptional regulation
  3. translation regulation
  4. post translational regulation
51
Q

what are 3 things bacteria adhere to help avoid immunological and physical removal?

A
  1. cell surfaces and extracell. matrix
  2. solid surfaces
  3. other bacteria
52
Q

what are the 3 types of interaction for bacteria?

A
  1. direct interaction
  2. molecular bridging
  3. manipulation of host cell signaling and cytoskeleton
53
Q

what is the similarities and differences between adhesion for Gram positive bacteria and gram negative?

A

similarities: both use fimbriae
differences: (-) bacteria use outer membrane proeins and types III-IV secretion
(+) bacteria use MSCRAMMS aka protein A

54
Q

what are siderophores used for?

A

chelate available iron and bring it back to the bacteria

55
Q

what is genetic recombination?

A

transfer of DNA from one organism to another. transferred DNA may then be integrated in to the recipients nucleoid by various mechanisms

56
Q

what is homologous recombination

A

homologous DNA sequences with nearly the same nucleotide sequences are exchanged by Rec A proteins. involves breakage and reunion of paired DNA segments

57
Q

what are the natural mechanisms of genetic recombination?

A

transformation, transduction and conjugation

58
Q

what is transformation?

A

genetic recombination in which a DNA fragment from one bacterium enters a competent recipient bacterium and it is exchanged for a piece of the recipients DNA

59
Q

what is transduction?

A

genetic recombination in which a DNA fragment is transferred from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage

60
Q

what is a bacteriophage?

A

obligate intracellular parasites aka viruses that infect bacteria

61
Q

what are some unique features of conjugation?

A

use pilin protein only found in gram negative cells that are used as bridges for partial DNA transfer. in this case also known as conjugation pili or sex pili

62
Q

what is a pathogenicity island (PAI’s)

A

discrete genetic loci that encode for factors which make a microbe more virulent, are very large, 10-100 Kb

63
Q

what can PAI’s encode for?

A

secretion systems, adhesins, siderophores, and toxins

64
Q

what are secretion systems?

A

different ways to exchange virulence factors

65
Q

what are 4 different stresses pathogens face?

A
  1. acid stress within the stomach
  2. nutrient limitation
  3. heat shock during fever
  4. oxidative stress within phagocytes (release of free radicals)
66
Q

what are 6 ways pathogens avoid the immune system?

A
  1. IgA proteases, 2. immunoglobulin binding proteins
  2. resist action of complement system, opsonisation
  3. antigenic mimicry
  4. antigenic variation
  5. adopt protective niches
67
Q

understand slip strand vs flip flop vs cassette sequence

A

look up youtube videos on each

68
Q

what are the ways pathogens attack back?

A

through endo and exotoxins

69
Q

what do endotoxins do and what mediates them?

A

pyrogenicity (fever), leucopenia (death of wbc’s) and hypotension and are mediated by TNF (tumour necrosis factor)

70
Q

what do exotoxins do?

A

form pores in eukaryotic cell membranes producing oligomeric rings, degrade components of the membrane

71
Q

In AB toxins, which domains do what?

A

the A subunit is the toxic part which is delivered to the host cell cytoplams by the B subunit

72
Q

what are the 3 ways that injecting proteins into host cells alter the cytoskeleton and signal transduction pathways?

A
  1. manipulating the cytoskeleton to induce membrane ruffling and bacterial invasion
  2. preventing being scavenged by phagocytic cells
  3. once inside the host cell, remaining within the vacuole by manipulating host cell vesicular transport system
73
Q

where are the 3 places pathogens advance in?

A
  1. advance within macrophages
  2. through blood
  3. within cells

Pathogenic microbiology (12 decks)

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