Lectures 1 -4 pretests, CDC quizzes, slides Flashcards
There is no significant, real difference between public health and global health? T/F
True
Which of the following individuals was historically involved with what is now the field of epidemiology via their work of publishing the number of deaths that had occurred each week for the past 60+ years?
John Snow
To be effective, public health surveillance systems must involve public health agencies, healthcare providers, and the public. T F
True
What was the name used by the original U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) we know today?
Marine Hospital Service
are you familiar with the 10 essential services of Pub. Health?
monitor health status, diagnose and investigate , inform/educate, mobilize partnerships, policies , enforce laws, link people in need, assure workforce, evaluate, research . Use physical gestures to remember
The field of epidemiology can be divided into 2 main divisions based on the 4 W’s and 1 H and are called _______________ epidemiology and _______________ epidemology.
Descriptive and analytic
T/F. The field of epidemiology assumes that all disease is random?
False, its not random
what do the following stand for CDC, CMS, NIH?
Center for disease Control, Centers for medicare and medicaid, National institutes of Health
Define Etiology?
Is it a part of descriptive epidemiology?
the investigation or attribution of the cause for something.
No, it is analytical
ATSDR
Agency to Toxic Substances & Disease Registery
Which level of Govt. retains primary responsibility for health under the constitution?
State and local Health Depts and governments
Integration, integration, integration was stressed by dr. Segars, He is basically saying what?
The way this will all work is we need eachother. Stressed by Larry. communication, sharing, partnerships, feedback loops
textbook Epidemiology definition
Studies the Distribution and Determinants of disease in POPULATIONS to control disease & sickness, and promote health
Distribution of Disease is which of the 2 types of Epidemiology?
Descriptive Epi
studies Frequencies and Patterns
WHO, WHEN, WHERE
Determinants of Disease is which type of Epidemiology?
Analytical Epi
studies Risk/exposure, etiology, transmission modes, elements that determine the occurrence/presence of disease
What is the cornerstone of systematic epidemiological investigations?
Making Comparisons!
good way to remember epidemiology, is by what they try to prevent on a large scale?
Epidemics. Greek for “upon the people”
on an epi curve
The horizontal x-axis is the ?
The vertical y-axis is the ?
date or time of illness onset among cases.
number of cases.
Which of the following aspects can the field of epidemiology be applied? (SELECT ALL THAT ARE CORRECT)
A.
The utilization and outcomes of health services.
B.
All types of diseases.
C.
All types of disabilities.
D.
Good health and health-related activities.
All
Which of the following activities, found within the definition of epidemiology, is most appropriately associated with the generation of a frequency table and epidemiological curve for laboratory findings from elderly males (over age 85 years) in the state of Missouri who have prostate cancer? A. Diagnosis. B. Determinants. C. Distribution. D. Application.
C
Which of the following most appropriately exemplifies the main purpose of the field of epidemiology?
A.
Discover new prevention methods and cures for diseases.
B.
Find out who is responsible for a disease outbreak and turn them over to legal authorities.
C.
Develop research projects and obtain funding for them.
D.
Understand the causes of health problems and guide efforts to improve health.
D
Which of the following is NOT one of the 10 essential public health services?
A.
Diagnose & investigate health problems/hazards in the community.
B.
Write the laws that communities must follow to ensure the health of the public.
C.
Develop policies & plans that support individual & community health efforts.
D.
Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
B
Definition of ratio
the relative magnitude of two quantities or a comparison
of any two values, calculated by dividing one interval- or
ratio-scale variable by the other. The numerator and denominator need not be related. So they may or may not be related.
the 3 Common frequency
measures are?
ratios, proportions, and rates.
Definition of proportion
A proportion is the comparison of a part to the whole. It is a type Measures of Risk of ratio in which the numerator is included in the denominator.
a rate is ?
a measure of the frequency with which an event occurs in a defined population over a specified period of time
Ratio, Proportion, Rate, or None ?
# women in State A who died from heart disease in 2004
over
number of women in State A who died in 2004
Proportion
Ratio, Proportion, Rate, or None ?
#women in State A who died from heart disease in 2004
over
estimated # women living in State A on July 1, 2004
Rate
Ratio, Proportion, Rate, or None ? #women in State A who died from heart disease in 2004 over #of women in State A who died from cancer in 2004
Ratio, numerator not in denominator
Ratio, Proportion, Rate, or None ? #women in State A who died from lung cancer in 2004 over # women in State A who died from cancer (all types) in 2004
Proportion
Ratio, Proportion, Rate, or None ?
# women in State A who died from lung cancer in 2004
over
estimated revenue (in dollars) in State A from cigarette sales in 2004
ratio
Incidence proportion, Incidence rate, Prevalence, None
#women in Framingham Study
who have died through last year from heart disease
OVER
number of women initially enrolled in Framingham Study
Incidence PROPORTION
Incidence proportion, Incidence rate, Prevalence, None
number of women in Framingham Study who have died
through last year from heart disease
OVER
number of person-years contributed through last year by
women initially enrolled in Framingham Study
Incidence rate
Incidence proportion, Incidence rate, Prevalence, None
number of women in town of Framingham who reported
having heart disease in recent health survey
OVER
estimated number of women residents of Framingham during same period
Prevalence
Incidence proportion, Incidence rate, Prevalence, None
number of women in Framingham Study newly diagnosed with heart disease last year
OVER
number of women in Framingham Study without heart disease at beginning of same year
Incidence Proportion,
Incidence proportion, Incidence rate, Prevalence, None
number of women in State A newly diagnosed with heart disease in 2004
OVER
estimated number of women living in State A on July 1, 2004
incidence rate
Incidence proportion, Incidence rate, Prevalence, None
estimated number of women smokers in State A
according to 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Survey
OVER
estimated number of women living in State A on July 1, 2004
Prevalence
Incidence proportion, Incidence rate, Prevalence, None
number of women in State A who reported having
heart disease in 2004 health survey
OVER
estimated number of women smokers in State A according to
2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Survey
none, this is a ratio
denominator, doesn’t include numerator
Prevalence and incidence are frequently confused. Prevalence refers to proportion of persons who ?
whereas incidence refers to?
have a condition at or during a particular time period.
the proportion or rate of persons who develop a condition during a particular time period.
prevalence includes ____ and ________ cases whereas
incidence includes ________ only. The key difference is in their (numerators or denominators)?
new and pre-existing
new cases
numerators
Health is…
notmerelytheabsenceofdiseaseor illness/sickness,butadynamicstateofcompletephysical,mental,
spiritual,andsocialwell‐being
After knowing that there is a disease and it has symptoms, what are the first 3 steps of the core epidemiological process?
Identify patterns in populations, form hypotheses and then test them
In testing your hypotheses, associations are made via?
Group comparisons
In judging causation, What are the three factors that complicate studies and are sometimes not controlled?
Confounders, bias, chance
Having confounders means there are ____________variables which is termed ______ _______?
Multiple
Multi factorial
Analytical Epi looks at the__________ of disease?
Determinants
Descriptive Epi looks at the__________ of disease?
Distribution
The frequency and patterns of the disease in a community reveal the _____________ of the disease?
Distribution
Factors of susceptibility, exposure, risks, and modes of transmission are _______________ of disease?
Determinants
T/F The objective of epidemiology is to study the natural course of disease and a person?
False. Always in populations in groups.
The Hallmarkofanalyticstudiesisuseofa____________ ________?
comparisongroup
On an Epi curve, the intervals for the X axis are what % of the incubation period for the disease of study?
25%
the first reported case in an outbreak is known as the _________ case?
Index case:
T/F On an Epi curve, Outliers might indicate secondary spread of the illness?
True
An epi curve can also suggest how a disease is transmitted. Called mode of spread. Transmission occurs in the 3 following ways:
Point source
Continuous common source
Propagation - Person-to-person spread
Give an example? and know what the curve would look like
single event/peak - food poisoning from Banquet dinner
gradual rise - salmonella being sold for longer period of time.
multiple peaks/incubation periods - measles
The ____________ period is the time from exposure to the causative agent until the first symptoms develop and is characteristic for each disease agent.
incubation
The period of exposure is the time frame in which the exposure could have occur and is calculated how?
It is understood in the lesson that this is most easily done for point source outbreak specifically. First you must know the incubation period for the specific disease, ie (15-50days). Then you must know the earliest and latest case of disease. Taking the Earliest case and counting back the least (15) days for incubation would get you the Latest the exposure could have been. Taking the latest case and counting back the most (50) days for incubation would get you the earliest the exposure could have been. The average incubation period can be calculated by taking the avg of 15-50, 33 and counting back from the peak of disease. note: The range of dates identified in Step 2-4 represent the most likely period of exposure and ideally should fall within a few days of each other. If the three dates are widely separated, this indicates that the incubation period has a wide range or the outbreak is not a point source outbreak.
In class Dr. segars said: understand absolute and relative data and be able to interpret them based on things like baselines.
relative data is only good when taken into account with the other data that. and absolute is good regardless of other factors.
as far as baselines: ??
asking in review
