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Epidemiology - MV > L4-6 pretest Disease Freq, slides, CDC 3.3-3.4 quizzes > Flashcards

L4-6 pretest Disease Freq, slides, CDC 3.3-3.4 quizzes Flashcards

1
Q 
Which of the following terms most appropriately describes the level of prevention that takes place during the early phases of pathogenesis and includes activities that limit the progression of the disease?
A. 
Primary Prevention
B. 
Secondary Prevention
C. 
Tertiary Prevention
D. 
Quaternary Prevention
A

B

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2
Q 
Which of the following terms represent those epidemiological studies that characterize the amount and distribution of disease within the study population?
A. 
Descriptive
B. 
Observational
C. 
Analytical
D. 
Representative
A

A

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3
Q 
Which of the following terms most correctly represents the number of deaths due to a disease that occur among individuals who are afflicated with that disease?
A. 
Proportional mortality ratio
B. 
Cause-specific survival rate
C. 
Crude death rate
D. 
Case-fatality rate
A

D

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4
Q 
A study is conducted to evaluate the impact of high blood levels of PCB's on blood pressure. The study found that 18 of the 143 study participants who had elevated levels of PCB's were also found to have an elevated blood pressure (hypertensive). What is the prevelance of hypertension in the study population?
A. 
3.4%
B. 
8.9%
C. 
12.6%
D. 
17.7%
A

C

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5
Q 
A study was conducted that followed 100 renal transplant patients who received the medication cyclosporine to prevent rejection of their transplants. Researchers observed 10 cases of lymphoma during a 2-year follow-up period. A total of 150 person-years of follow-up were accumulated from the study participants during the study duration. What is the cumulative incidence of lymphoma for this study population?
A. 
2%
B. 
5%
C. 
7%
D. 
10%
A

D

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6
Q 
Which of the following terms describes the occurrence of disease in a community or region clearly in excess of normal expectancy?
A. 
Endemic
B. 
Epidemic
C. 
Pandemic
D. 
Cluster
A

B

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7
Q 
Which of the following terms most appropriately represents the number of live births reported in a given area during a given time period divided by the number of women between the ages of 15-44 years in that area?
A. 
Perinatal mortality rate
B. 
Crude birth rate
C. 
Infant fertility rate
D. 
Fertility rate
A

D.

Fertility rate

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8
Q

What is the most critical element that must be defined before
any of the W’s of descriptive epidemiology can be accomplished?

A

Case Definition

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9
Q

CrudeMorbidityRate eqn?

A

persons with the disease/ # persons in population

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10
Q

Crude Mortality rate eqn ?

A

of all deaths (all causes)/ # persons in population

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11
Q

Cause‐SpecificMortalityRate eqn ?

A

of cause specific deaths / # persons in population

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12
Q

Case‐FatalityRate eqn ?

A

of cause specific deaths/ # of persons with the disease

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13
Q

Cause specific survivalRate eqn is?

A

of cause specific cases alive/ # of cases of disease (all wont be alive)

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14
Q

Live Birth Rate (usually per year) eqn?

A

of live births/1000 pop

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15
Q

Fertility Rate (usually per year) eqn?

A

of live births/1000 women of childbearing age (15-44)

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16
Q

Infant Mortality Rate (usually per year) eqn?

A

of deaths in those < 1 yr/1000 live births

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17
Q

Proportional Mortality Ratio (PMR) eqn?

A

of cause-specific deaths/total # of deaths in pop

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18
Q

Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) eqn?

A 
# of cause -specific deaths/expected total # of deaths from a similar pop
equalized for gender, age, race, calendar time etc.
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19
Q

define Infectivity? eqn?

A 
the ability to invade a patient (host)
# infected/# susceptable   (x100)
20
Q

Define Pathogenicity? eqn?

A

of diseased / #infected (x100)

21
Q

Define Virulence? eqn?

A 
the ability to cause death
# died/#of diseased (x100)
22
Q

The times between Infectivity & Pathogenicity

are called ?

A

“Induction” & “Latency” periods

23
Q

T/F

Rates should have person time in denominator, but not always.

A

True

24
Q

What is the all cause mortality rate?

A

died/total patients (note denominator is not people)

25
Q

Therefore is Crude bigger than All Cause? Why?

A

yes, b/c you may not know the cause

26
Q

The ____________ and _______________ of evaluation
MUST be equal to adequately & appropriately
compare frequencies between groups.

A

population size

time period

27
Q

A “STANDARDIZED” RATE for comparing frequencies can be used when the rate is more important than the amount. The denominator used is _____k person-yrs.

A

100k

28
Q

The 3 Key Factors in Descriptive Measures of

Disease Frequency are?

A
  1. # affected by the disease
  2. Size of the source population
  3. Length of time the population is followed
29
Q

What is Absolute and relative difference of 100/100k and 200/100k

A

the absolute difference is 100
relative is that 100 is 50% of 200. thats all.
FIRST make sure denominators are the same though.

30
Q

calculate the male: to female ratio?

when you have 5 males and 6 females

A

.83 : 1
So a number will need to be one, and that number is the entity that you put in the denominator. When you say male : female ratio, you are saying male per every 1 female. therefore divide by the latter entity in the ratio. or 5/6 = .83

31
Q

Incidence focuses on transition from health to disease and is represented by ______ cases of disease.
Prevalence focuses on the time a person lives with the disease and is represented by
________cases of disease.

A 
New
Existing (old and new cases)
32
Q

Incidence is a.k.a. ?

eqn?

A

Risk or Attack Rate
# new cases of disease (during a defined time period)
OVER
#persons at risk of disease (during same time period)

33
Q

For incidence what must always be done to the denominator and why?

A

ALWAYS subtract out (from the STARTING population), those who already have the disease or are immune to the disease (not “at risk”), after the start of time, then those that get the disease will be in both numerator and denominator.

34
Q

There are 2 types of incidence measurements, they are ?

A
  1. cummulative incidence (risk, a percent/proportion)

2. Incidence Rate (time in denominator, person years)

35
Q

Seven cases of hepatitis A occurred among 70
children attending a child care center. Each
infected child came from a different family. The
total number of persons residing in the homes of
the 7 affected families was 32. One incubation
period later, 5 family members of the 7 infected
children also developed hepatitis A.
What is the secondary attack rate of hepatitis A?

A

5/25 (remember, incidence, must subtract out 7 who already have the disease)
.20 or 20%

36
Q

Do either Cumulative Incidence (proportions) or Incidence Rates work well with dynamic populations?

A

not cumulative incidence, but if you take take a incident Rate and use TOTAL NET time in the denominator instead of defined period this is called INCIDENT DENSITY, and is appropriate for dynamic populations

37
Q

key to comparing Incidence rate, incidence proportion (cumulative) and prevalence.

A

incidence requires there be an incident, ie. newly diagnosed or newly died. prevalence studies those with disease. Rates will either be in person time years or estimated from a specific date like July 1 (mid year), where proportions will be total number of people throughout year or at beginning of study.

38
Q

Incident Density is Like Incident Rate, but has what length of time in the denominator? What is this measurement taking into account or helpful with?

A

Time is Net or cumulative, which is different from incident rate in which person time years are for the same time as the numerator. This is still person time years, its just extended and helpful with Dynamic populations as it accounts for fluctuating” at risk” periods

39
Q

Review
33% vs. .09/person year
which is incidence and which is incidence rate?

A

incidence is a proportion, 2 of 6 got the disease and the 2 that got the disease were part of the 6 starting the study, so. 33% newly acquired the disease. .09/person year has time in the denominator and therfore a rate. Everyone adds person time units, until they contract the disease. People can move in and out and add person time units as well. And for both they must have newly acquired the disease, and cannot be counted in denominator if they had it at the start of the study.

40
Q

One trick on incidence that could be thrown in…. do you include individuals that had a disease and recovered, or individual who are immune to it?

A

These are similar and we are too assume that once an individual had the disease they are not longer succeptable and they along with anyone immune, must be removed from INCIDENCE RATE and PROPORTION (CUMULATIVE) equations. And Density eqns as well.

41
Q

With a population of 20 and 10 were diseased of which 8 died over the course of the study. what is your Case fatality rate and your cause specific mortality rate?

A

Case fatality rate is 80%

and cause specific mortality rate is 40%

42
Q

point and period prevalence are simply prevalence at?

A

at point in time

over a period of time

43
Q

Epidemic disease are those where occurance of the disease is clearly in _______ of normal expectancy?

A

excess

44
Q

Outbreaks are more broad or specific than epidemics? and defined as ?

A

they are more specific and are essentially epidemics that are limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease

45
Q

Endemics are?

A

The constant presence of a
disease within a given area or
population in excess of normal
levels in other areas

46
Q

Pandemics are?

A

worldwide epidemics

47
Q

list the 3 stages of disease prevention? and what its focus is on?

A
  1. primary - suceptability - Immunizations used
  2. secondary - early stage disease maintenance - have the disead (ex. AIDs, TB, Hep B, but may not know it)
  3. Tertiary - late stage disease maintenance - and ease of life/minimize suffering.

Epidemiology - MV (5 decks)

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