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Psych 115 > Lectures 1-3 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

*Definition of psychology

A

Scientific study of mental processes and behavior

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2
Q

*What makes it a natural science?

A

Use of scientific method

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3
Q

Did Freud study psych as a nat. sci? Why?

A

No, he didn’t use the scientific method. He’s been called a philosopher

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4
Q

Father of Psychology?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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5
Q

Father of American Psychology?

A

William James

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6
Q

Father of Psychoanalysis?

A

Sigmund Freud

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7
Q

Father of Behaviorism?

A

John Watson

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8
Q

Father of the Humanistic Movement?

A

Carl Rogers

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9
Q

Father of Structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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10
Q

*What is structuralism?

A
  • Practiced self-examination
  • Identifies structures of consciousness, links within consciousness
  • Analyzed how an experience made a person feel
  • basic components of consciousness
  • Wundt
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11
Q

*What is functionalism?

A
  • Opposite to structuralism
  • Rather than focus on the elements of consciousness, he focused on its functions (functions of the mind)
  • Look at consciousness as a whole, rather than individual pieces
  • James
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12
Q

Behaviorism?

A
  • based on observations, behavior
  • consequences of behavior
    –> reinforcement vs. punishment
  • Watson
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13
Q

Psychoanalysis?

A
  • Behavior driven by inner forces (instincts, biological drives)
  • human nature is not always rational
  • actions can be driven by the unconscious
  • Freud
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14
Q

Humanism

A
  • alternative to behaviorism and psychoanalysis
  • unconditional positive regard
    –> acceptance of a person regardless of what they say or do, used in talk therapy
  • behaviors are not controlled
  • we have free will
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15
Q

Cognitive perspective

A
  • focus on human thought and the process of knowing
  • memory, language, problem solving
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16
Q

Biological perspective

A
  • causes of behavior in genes, brain, nervous system, endocrine system
17
Q

4 goals of psych as a nat. sci?

A
  1. Describe
  2. Predict
  3. Control
  4. Explain
18
Q

*Theory

A
  • explanation and prediction of natural phenomenon
  • based on and supported by data
  • must be falsifiable
  • parsimony
19
Q

*Falsifiable?

A
  • one of the possible outcomes of a designed experiment must be an answer that would disprove the hypothesis
  • ex: Harlow’s money theory, Darwin’s theory
  • Freud’s theory of dreams (dreams are wish fulfillments) IS NOT
20
Q

Parsimony

A

Tend towards simplicity

21
Q

*Case study? What do we learn? Why is Gage a good example?

A
  • Studies on individuals or small groups because there is a particular or unique situation
  • limit to what we can conclude, cause/effect, higher possibility for bias
  • good for rare conditions/phenomena
  • Ex. Phineas Gage - injury to his eye and frontal cortex which resulted in a significant behavior change and became more aggressive/impulsive
22
Q

*Naturalistic observation? Role of ODs? Advantage/disadvantage?

A
  • waiting for the behavior to happen
  • must have extremely good operational definition or there is too much opportunity for bias

Advantage: observe in natural environment
Disadvantage: no control over other variables, possibility for bias

23
Q

6 Steps in experimental method:

A
  1. state problem
  2. develop hypothesis
  3. design study
  4. collect and analyze data
  5. replication
  6. conclusions
24
Q

external validity

A

can this data be applied to the real world?

25
Q

Correlational research? Advantage?

A
  • only 2 variables
  • Can be positive or negative
  • advantage: study phenomenon that happens in nature but is hard to study in the lab
26
Q

Nuremburg code

A

(1947)
- first attempt
- based off holocaust
- voluntary, informed consent
- subject can stop
- scientific basis for experiment
- must yield positive results (you learn something) that can’t be obtained otherwise

27
Q

Belmont report

A

(1979)
- prompted by Tuskegee experiment
–> withholding treatment for syphilis
3 principles for human experiments:
1. Justice
2. Beneficence (well being of subjects)
3. Respect for the person

28
Q

Meaning of justice?

A
  • fair distribution of research
  • can’t focus on only one race, disability, socioeconomic status
29
Q

Declaration of Helsinki

A

(1964)
- addressed to physicians
- health of patient is priority

30
Q

*5 principles of ethics:

A
  1. informed consent
  2. freedom from coersion
  3. protection from harm
  4. risk benefit analysis
    (risk from partaking in experiment cant be bigger
    than risk from normal life)
  5. Debriefing
    (verbal description of true nature of experiment)
31
Q

Project MK-Ultra

A

(1953-73)
- CIA project –> control or influence enemy for info
- Used LSD, every day for 77 days
- Coerced ‘volunteering’

32
Q

New Zealand cervical cancer experiment

A

(1966-87)
- hypothesis: maybe cancer won’t grow
- most participants were low income, maori women
- women were uninformed, cancer grew, most of them died

33
Q

UCLA Schizophrenia med. experiment

A

(1983-94)
- hypothesis: maybe they’re better off without meds
- people had ‘informed consent’
- didn’t have full access to drop the trial
–> limited state of mind
–> decision was no longer sound
–> never told the length of trial

34
Q

Rotavirus vaccine

A

(2011-12)
- affects mainly children
- we already had vaccines!
- went to india, low income kids
- half vaccine, have placebo!
- unethical to withhold treatment we know is effective

Psych 115 (15 decks)

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