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CBL MSK > Lectures 1 > Flashcards

Lectures 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 categories of tissues in animals

A

Nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue

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2
Q

Types of connective tissue

A 
Bone 
Blood
Cartilidge 
Dense connective tissue 
Loose connective tissue
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3
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

large amounts of ground substance and fewer fibers

Aerolar
Adipose
Reticular

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4
Q

DENSE connective tissue

A

large amounts of fibers and less ground substance
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic CT

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5
Q

Cartilidge

A

specialized cells called chondrocytes are within the matrix (cartilage cells)
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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6
Q

Bone

A

strongest connective tissue with little ground substance, hard matrix of calcium and phosphorous and specialized bone cells called osteocytes

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7
Q

Blood

A

fluid connective tissue, no fibers – only ground substance (plasma) and cells (red, white, and platelets)

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8
Q

Bone matrix - 2 components

A

INORGANIC/mineral – hydroxyapatite, compression strength , without it= bone is too flexible

ORGANIC – collagen and proteoglycans, flexible strength , without it = bone is brittle and will shatter

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9
Q

Bone classification

A

1.LONG BONES
Longer than wide. Formed from compact bone with spongy bone in the center and at the end long shaft. E.g. tibia

  1. FLAT BONES
    Flat and thin, slightly curved, 2 thin layers of compact bone surrounding a thin layer of spongy bone e.g. skull, ribs
  2. IRREGULAR BONE
    Bones that don’t fit into any other category. Made from spongy bone covered with compact bone. E.g. vertebrae and pelvis
  3. SHORT BONE
    Cuboidal and contain mainly spongy bone with a surface layer if compact bone

SEASAMOID bones are types of short bones that are found where there’s lots of friction/ tension e.g. within the patella, modify and reduce pressure in joints

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10
Q

2 parts to a skeleton

A

AXIAL skeleton – forms the long axis of the body and contains the skull, vertebral column and ribs

APPENDICULAR SKELETON – consists of the limb bines and their attachments or girdles, the pelvis and scapula and clavicle

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11
Q

Cellular component of bone

A 
Osteochondral progenitor cells 
Osteoblasts 
Osteocytes 
Osteoclasts 
Bone lining cells
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12
Q

Osteochondral progenitor cells

A

undifferentiated stem cells, derived from mesenchymal cells. Found in the periosteum and endosteum ( lining the medullary cavity) of the bone and in canals within the bone that contain blood vessel and differentiate into osteoblasts.

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13
Q

Osteoblasts

A

make new bone matrix , synthesize and secrete collagen fiber’s and other organic components, derived from mesenchymal stem cells

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14
Q

Osteocysts

A

Found in the more mature bone and were once osteoblasts, now surrounded in their OWN matrix. No longer secrete matrix they maintain the daily cellular activities of the bone tissue and to sense the stresses placed on bone matrix. E.g. exchange of nutrients and waste products with blood. 25 years

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15
Q

osteoclasts

A

remove old bone. Large, multinucleated, concentrated in the endosteum( layer of connective tissue LINING the bone medullary cavity

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16
Q

Bone lining cells

A

regulate movement of Ca2+ and Po4- ions

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17
Q

Long bone consits of ? parts

A

Diaphysis = shaft of long bone and main portion

Epiphyses= distal and proximal ends of the bone

Metaphyses= regions in the mature bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis. In a growing bone the metaphysis is occupied by the epiphyseal growth plate

Periosteum

Medullary cavity

Endostenum

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18
Q

Articular cartilidge in long bone

A

thin layer of hyaline Cartlidge

covers the epiphyses. Reduces the friction at the joints and acts as a shock absorber at freely moveable joints

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19
Q

Periosteum

A

tough dense layer of irregular connective tissue surrounding the bone surface where its not covered by articular Cartlidge .Contains the osteogenic proteginor cells. Helps protect the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish the bone tissue and serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments

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20
Q

Medullary cavity

A

center of bones, sometimes called the marrow cavity, space within the diaphysis that contains BONE MARROW

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21
Q

2 types of bone marrow

A

RED marrow : produces red and white blood cells and platelets
YELLOW marrow: contains fat and connective tissue and produces some white blood cells
At birth, there is only red bone marrow present and as the person grows the red marrow in many of the bones is replaced by yellow. Increase in a haemopoetic stimulant that regulates red cell mitosis and differentiation, reducing with age.

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22
Q

Endostenum

A

membrane that lines the medullary cavity and contains bone forming cells , the equivalent of the periosteum surrounding the outside of the bone.

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23
Q

Compact/cortical bone

A

outer layer of all bones,
provides support and protection to the spongy bone in center and resists the stresses produced by weight and movement.
Formed of collagen. Organized into osteons/ harversian systems

In the center of the haversian system there’s a central canal (haversian canal) running through the bone LONGITUDINALLY. Blood and lymph vessels and nerves run in these central canals. Around the canal the bone is arranged into concentric layers (lamellae)

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24
Q

Spongey/cancellous/trabecular bone

A

Does not contain true osteons and consists of lamellae arranged in an irregular lattice of thin interconnecting struts ( trabeculae)
Spaces between trabeculae are filled with red and yellow bone marrow
Within each trabecula osteocytes lie in lacunae with radiating canaliculi, like in osteons of compact bone
Osteocytes receive nutrients directly from the blood circulating through the medullary cavity

Trabeculae along the lines of stress, helps bone resist stresses and transfer the force without breaking

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25
Q

Where is spongy bone found

A

Makes up majority of bony tissue in short, flat, irregularly shaped bones and the epiphysis of the long bones, and lines the medullary cavity of diaphysis of the long bones

26
Q

Blood supply to bone

A

From periosteum into the interior of the bone
Bone marrow
Periosteal arteries
Enter diaphysis through perforating volkmann canals
Supply the periosteum and the compact bone
Large nutrient artery that passes obliquely through the compant bone through a hole- nutrient foramen
When the nutrient artery reaches the medullary cavity it divides into proximal and distal branches, supplying the inner layers of compact bone and spongey bone
ends are supplied by metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries

27
Q

Nervous supply

A

Accompany the blood vessels of the bone

Periosteum has a rich supply of sensory nerves, some of which transmit pain sensations

28
Q

Bone development/formation ( ossification)

A

Intramembranous - direct ossification of mesenchymal cells

Endochondral - replacement of hyaline cartildige with bone tissue

29
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Hyaline cartilage forms an initial model of the future bone from mesenchymal cells that differentiate into chondroblasts
Once hyaline model has formed, osteoblasts gradually replace the cartildige with bone matrix, which is then ossified.
LONG BONES in arms and legs

30
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

FLAT BONES of the skull, clavicle and scapula

Bone forms directly condensed mesenchymal cells without first going through a cartilage step

31
Q

Bone growth

A

WIDTH - appositional

Length - endochondral

32
Q

Endochondral growth

A

Requires intestitial growth from cartilage first
Occurs at epiphysial growth plates
Stops when growth plates ossify

33
Q

Appositional growth

A

Osteoblasts in periosteum secrete matrix and become trapped as osteocytes

Osteoclasts increase diameter of medullary cavity

Increases diameter of bones until skeletal maturity

34
Q

Bone remodelling- new bone

A

WOVEN BONE

Osteoblasts lay down bone and osteoblasts remove bone

35
Q

Mature bone - bone remodelling

A

Old bone is constantly being replaced by new bone

36
Q

Factors affecting bone growth and remodelling

A 
Mechanical factors 
Genes
Hormones
Aging 
Diseases 
Diet
37
Q

Mechanical factors affecting bone growth and remodelling

A

More stress increases osteoblast activity = more bone

Less stress decreases osteoblast activity= less bone

38
Q

Gene factors affecting bone growth and remodelling

A

Determines potential size and shape
Height and bone mass is multifactorial ( many genes involved and other factors)

Genes influence:
Growth hormone release
Hormone receptors on bone cells
Ability to absorb nutrients ( e.g. calcium ) from the gut

39
Q

Hormones - bone growth and remodelling

A

Growth, sex and thyroid hormones influence cell differentiation and metabolism

40
Q

Ageing - bone growth and remodelling

A

Osteoblast matrix production slows in comparison to osteoclast matrix resorption

Decreased collagen deposition results in more BRITTLE bone ( less flexible strength )

Bone mass peaks at 25-30 years and then falls

41
Q

Diseases- bone growth and remodelling

A

Bone mass is reduced particularly in women after menopause ( decreased oestrogen production )

Smoking, extreme exercise, anorexia and removal of ovaries also reduce estrogen levels

Cancellous bone is most affected as its severely weakened if connections are lost

42
Q

Cartilage

A

More elastic than bone

Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints and nerves

Forms a semi rigid part of the skeleton and a protective layer at many joint surfaces

43
Q

2 types of cartilidge cells

A

CHONDROBLASTS- secrete extracellular matrix of Cartlidge, composed of collagen fibers, elastic fibers and other proteinaceous components.

CHONDROCYTES- mature Cartlidge cells located in spaces called lacunae. Derived from chondroblasts that have become trapped within extracellular matrix

44
Q

Does cartilidge have blood vessels

A

NO -all metabolites exchanged by diffusion

45
Q

Types of cartilidge

A

Hyaline
White fibrocartilidge
Elastic yellow cartilidge

46
Q

Hyaline cartilidge

A

Covers the ends of synovial joints, glassy, connects the ribs to the sternum, forms the larynx, and part of the nose and reinforces trachea and bronchi

47
Q

White fibrocartilidge

A

Less matrix and more collagen than other cartilidge, makes it more compressible and able to resist high pressures. Found in areas of high stress

48
Q

Elastic yellow cartilidge

A

External ear and throat epiglottis)

49
Q

Growth and development of cartilidge - appositional

A

Chondroblasts

50
Q

Growth and development of cartilidge- intestitial

A

Chondrocytes

51
Q

Perichondrium

Outer and inner layer

A

the connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint

Outer layer - dense irregular CT with fibroblasts

Inner layer- fewer fibers with chondrocytes

52
Q

Articular cartilidge

A

Type of hyaline cartildige
On articular surfaces of bones
No perichondrium ( membrane

53
Q

Growth of articular cartildge

A

Similar to growth plate
Columns of cells – calcified Cartlidge- bone
Type 2 collagen fibrils anchor proteoglycan matrix to bone
Growth plate stops at a similar time to growth plate but never ossifies

54
Q

function of articular cartilidge

A

Smooth – reduces friction ( heat causes protein damage )

Deformable and elastic which distributes the load evenly

55
Q

factors affecting cartilidge metabolism

A

mechanical factors
Injury
Aging
Disease

56
Q

Mechanical factors influencing cartilage

A

Anabolic and catabolic processes adjust to adapt matrix to mechanical demands
Load below 1mPa may be catabolic wheras load above may be anabolic stimulus

HIGH strain = matrix deposition = increased stiffness

Low strain = matrix resorption - reducedstiffness

57
Q

Injury and repair - influencing cartilidge

A

Lack capillaries within cartildge
Nutrients from diffusion ( synovium not bone )
Chondrocytes do not normally divide in adult but still secrete matrix ( repairs normal wear )
Tears/ lesions never fully heal

58
Q

Ageing and diseases- influencing cartilidge

A

Decreased proteoglycan and collagen turnover
Collagen disruption, PG’s lost, water lost on compression, tissue damage

Increased non enzymatic glycation ( NEG)

Impaired joint lubrication

  • Friction/ heat
  • Fibrillation
  • Osteoarthiritis
59
Q

Osteoporosis

A

reduction in mass of bones

deficiency of vitamin D

60
Q

Ostemalacia

A

Softening of bones

deficiency of calcium and phosphorus

CBL MSK (6 decks)

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