anatomy Flashcards
Synovial joint
the type of joint found between bones that move against each other, such as the joints of the limbs (e.g. shoulder, hip, elbow and knee).
Made of synovial membrane (or synovium) – a special layer of cells that lines the joint capsule and produces the synovial fluid
Axilla
Armpit region
Inferior to the glemohumeral joint
passageway by which neurovascular and muscular structurescan enter and leave the upper limb.
HOW does axilla region change shape
The apex decreases in size most markedly when the arm is fully abducted – leaving the contents of the axilla at risk of compression.
4 sides , open apex and base of the axilla
Apex – also known as the axillary inlet, it is formed by lateral border of the first rib, superior border of scapula, and the posterior border of the clavicle.
Lateral wall– formed by intertubercular groove of the humerus.
Medial wall– consists of the serratus anterior and the thoracic wall (ribs and intercostal muscles).
Anterior wall– contains the pectoralis major and the underlying pectoralis minor and the subclavius muscles.
Posterior wall– formed by the subscapularis, teres major and latissimus dorsi.
Contents of the axilla
Axillary artery (and branches)– the main artery supplying the upper limb. It is commonly referred as having three parts; one medial to the pectoralis minor, one posterior to pectoralis minor, and one lateral to pectoralis minor. The medial and posterior parts travel in the axilla.
Axillary vein (and tributaries)– the main vein draining the upper limb, its two largest tributaries are the cephalic and basilic veins.
Brachial plexus (and branches)– a collection of spinal nerves that form the peripheral nerves of the upper limb.
Axillary lymph nodes – they filter lymphatic fluid that has drained from the upper limb and pectoral region. Axillary lymph node enlargement is a non-specific indicator of breast cancer.
Biceps brachii (short head) and coracobrachialis – these muscle tendons move through the axilla, where they attach to the coracoid process of the scapula
Passageways exiting the axilla
3 main routes
The main route of exit is immediately inferiorly and laterally, into the upper limb. The majority of contents of the axilla region leave by this method.
quadrangular space. This is a gap in the posterior wall of the axilla, allowing access to the posterior arm and shoulder area. Structures passing through include the axillary nerve and posterior circumflexhumeral artery (a branch of the axillary artery.
clavipectoral triangle, which is an opening in the anterior wall of the axilla. It is bounded by the pectoralis major, deltoid, and clavicle.The cephalic vein enters the axilla via this triangle, while the medial and lateral pectoral nerves leave.
Muscles in the shoulder - pectoralis major
Adduct and rotates the humerus
Lateral and medial pectoral nerves
Muscles in the shoulder - pectoralis minor
draws scapula anteroinferiorly, stabilizes scapula on thoracic wall
Lateral and medial pectoral nerves
muscles in the shoulder- trapezius
Rotation, retraction, elevation, depression of scapula
ACCESSORY NERVE
Lies over the rhomboid
Large triangle
Rhomboids- muscles in shoulder
Rotate scapula DOWNWARDS
Dorsal scapular nerve supply
Deltoid - muscles in shoulder
Flexion and internal rotation of arm , adduction of arm beyond 15*, external and internal rotation of arm
AXILLARY nerve
Teres major - muscles in the shoulder
Extension and inner rotation of humerus
Lower subscapular nerve
Lattimus dorsi - muscles in the shoulder
Arm internal rotation
Arm adduction and extension
Thoracodorsal nerve
Levator scapula - muscles in the shoulder
Elevate the scapula.
Anterior rami of the nerves C3 and C4,
dorsal scapular nerve (branch of the C5)
The shoulder joint - glenohumeral between scapula and humerus
Synovial joint
It is a ball-and-socket joint, formed between the glenoid fossa
Glenoid cavity is where the ball inserts
Less complete than ball and socket in hip- needs to be more stabilized – group of muscles called ROTATOR CUFF that surround the joint
Corocoid ligament = STRONG
What prevents upwards displacement of head of humerus in
Coracoacrominal arch
Rotator cuff muscles
Executors of the movements of the joint and the stabilization of the joint Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor
Subscapularis muscle
Allows humerus to move freely during elevation of the arm
INTERNALLY ROTATE THE ARM
Subscapular nerve (c4,c6)
Supraspinatus muscle
Abduction of the arm ( moving arm up from sides of body)
Elevates the shoulder joint out to the side
Stabilizes humeral head
Subscapular nerves c5-c6
I
Infraspinatus muscle
Externally rotates shoulder joint
Suprascapular nerve c5-c6
Teres minor muscle
Externally rotates the shoulder joint
Axillary nerve c5-c6
The elbow joint
Synovial hinge
Stabilized by ligaments – collateral ligaments of the elbow
Muscles acting on the elbow joint - function
Triceps
Extends , radial nerve ( c6-c8)
Biceps
Flexor, musculocutaneous nerve (c5-c6)
Brachialis
Flexor , musculocutaneous and radial nerve
Radioulnar joint names and type
2 locations
Synovial joint
PROXIMAL - near elbow, head of radius and radial notch of ulnar
DISTAL- near wrist, articulation between the ulnar notch of radius and ulnar head
Actions at radioulnar joint
Supination and pronation
Muscles acting on teh forearm
Pronator ( quadratus and teres)
Pronates the forearm, median nerve ( c6-t1)
Supinator
Supinates the forearm, posterior interosseous nerve ( c7,c8)
Cubital fossa
Transition between arm and forearm
triangular shaped depression over anterior elbow joint
Passeage way- Brachial artery, median nerve, aponeurosis, radial nerve, biceps tendon , basilic vein, cefalic vein, medial cubital vein
lateral to medial - cubital fossa
really need (radial nerve) beer to( biceps tendon) be at(brachial artery) my nicest ( median nerve)
Anatomical snuffbox /radial fossa
Back of hand , traingular tendon
Ulnar (medial) border: Tendon of the extensor pollicis longus.
Radial (lateral) border: Tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus.
Proximal border: Styloid process of the radius.
Floor: Carpal bones; scaphoid and trapezium.
Roof: Skin.
Contents of anatomical snuffbox
Radial artery, superficial branch of the radial nerve, cephalic vein
Palmar aponeurosis
superficial longitudinal layer continuous with the tendon of the palmaris longus and of a deeper transverse layer. — called also palmar fascia.
Flexor retinaculum
fibrous band on the palmar side of the hand near the wrist. It arches over the carpal bones of the hands, covering them and forming the carpal tunnel.
Hip joint
whats it stabilised with and type of joint
Ball and socket
Synovial
Stabilised by : iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments
types of muscles acting on hip joint
Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Lateral rotation
Flexion muscles acting on hip joint
iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus
Extension muscles acting on hip joint
gluteus maximus; semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris (the hamstrings)
Aduction muscles acting on hip joint
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis and tensor fascia latae
Adduction muscles acting on hip joint
adductors longus, brevis and magnus, pectineus and gracilis
Lateral rotation muscles acting on hip joint
biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, piriformis, assisted by the obturators, gemilli and quadratus femoris.
Femoral triangle - borders
roof, floor, superior lateral and medial border
Roof – fascia lata.
Floor – pectineus, iliopsoas, and adductor longus muscles.
Superior border – inguinal ligament (a ligament that runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle).
Lateral border – medial border of the sartorius muscle.
Medial border – medial border of the adductor longus muscle. The rest of this muscle forms part of the floor of the triangle.
Knee joint
Ligaments
type
Instable
Hinge synovial joint
Stabilized by muscles, ligaments, tendons
Ligaments: cruciate, collateral, patellar ligament and quadriceps tendon
Muscles acting on knee ? and nerve innervation
FLEXORS: hamstrings, semimebranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris Sciatic nerve ( l3-s4)
EXTENSORS: quadriceps femoris ( rectus femoris, vastus medialis, intermedius, lateralis) Tibial nerve ( l3-s3)
Which muscles acts to unlock the knee by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia
To ‘unlock’ the knee, the popliteus muscle needs to contract, causing flexion and lateral rotation of the femur on the tibia
Burase
FLUID FILLED, sac like cavity
Located where muscles and tendons move over bony joint areas
Reduce friction caused by muscles and tendons moving against skin and bones
Cushioning
Lined with synovial membrane and have an inner capillary layer of synovial fluid
Popliteal fossa
what runs through
Diamond shaped area located on the posterior aspect of the knee. It is the main path by which vessels and nerves pass between the thigh and the leg.
Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve (common peroneal nerve)
tibiofibular joints
2 joints Proximal and distal The superior (proximal) tibiofibular joint - between the superior ends of tibia and fibula The inferior (distal) tibiofibular joint - between their inferior ends
The ankle
/Talocrural joint
Synovial joint
Bones of the leg ( tibia and fibula) and the talus form it
Hinge type joint, permitting dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the foot
Ligaments round the ankle
Medial and lateral
Medial ligament round ankle
The medial ligament (or deltoid ligament)is attached to the medial malleolus (a bony prominence projecting from the medial aspect of the distal tibia).
Itconsists of four ligaments, which fan out from the malleolus, attaching to the talus, calcaneus and navicular bones. The primary action of the medial ligament is to resist over-eversion of the foot.
Lateral ligament round ankle
The lateral ligament originates from the lateral malleolus (a bony prominence projecting from the lateral aspect of the distal fibula).
It resists over-inversion of thefoot, and is comprised of three distinct and separateligaments:
Anterior talofibular – spans between the lateral malleolus and lateral aspect of the talus.
Posterior talofibular – spans betweenthe lateral malleolus and the posterior aspect of the talus.
Calcaneofibular – spans betweenthe lateral malleolus and the calcaneus
Muscles in the ankle
Posterior compartment and anterior compartment
Posterior compartment muscles in ankle
PLANTAR FLEXION ( toes down ): POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT gastrocnemius, soleus, long flexors and peroneals The tibial nerve( branch of the sciatic nerve ) (l4-s3)
Anterior compartment muscles in ankle
DOSRIFLEXION( toes up): ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT tibialis anterior, long toe extensors and peroneus tertitus
Deep peroneal nerve ( l4-s1)
Transverse tarsal joint
- Eversion, abduction and dorsiflexion
Subtalar tarsal joint
- Eversion and inversion
structures that pass posterior to the medial malleolus at the ankle
tom dick and nervous harry Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Tibial artery Tibial nerve Flexor hallucis longus
