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anats Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory nerves

A

is the first andshortest cranial nerve.

special visceral afferent nerve, which transmits information relating to smell

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2
Q

Paranasal air sinuses

A

air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity

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3
Q

Name the paranasal air sinuses

What are tehy lined with ?

A

maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid.

lined by a ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells

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4
Q

Nasal cavity blood supply

A

Known as hitters area and is a common site for nose bleeds

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5
Q

Pharynx

A

Space posterior to the nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx

Constrictor muscles in posterior wall of pharynx – help with swallowing

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6
Q

Parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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7
Q

Neuro supply to the pharynx

A

pharyngeal plexus glossopharyngeal nerve -sensory; vagus nerve -motor

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8
Q

Venous drainage of pharynx

A

Internal jugular vein

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9
Q

Arteries to pharynx

A

branches of the facial, maxillary, laryngeal and lingual arteries

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10
Q

Lymph drainage to pharynx

A

retro pharyngeal then deep cervical nodes

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11
Q

Laryngeal cartilidges

A

thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoids, cuneiforms and corniculates

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12
Q

Membranes of the larynx

A

thyrohyoid, cricothyroid and cricotracheal

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13
Q

what are laryngegal folds

A

protection of the airway, breathing, and phonation.

True vocal cords and false vcal cords

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14
Q

True vocal folds

A

Under the control of the muscles of phonation, they are abducted, adducted, relaxed and tensed to control the pitch of the sound created.

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15
Q

Vestibular folds

A

FALSE vocal cords
Superior to true
Fixed folds that provide protection to the larynx

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16
Q

What is the glottis

A

aperture between vocal folds

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17
Q

Function of larynx

A

sphincter( closes off larungeal inlet= no food, moves up anteriorly and superiorly ) and phonation(sound production )

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18
Q

Relation to larynx

whats it made from

A

Communicates with: trachea( inferior), pharynx ( posterior), oral cavity ( superior and anterior)

Suspended from hyoid bone above and attached to trachea below

FIBROCARTILAGENOUS hollow tube

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19
Q

3 sections of the larynx

A

Supraglottis
Glottis
Subglottis

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20
Q

Supraglottis

A

From the inferior surface of the epiglottis to the vestibular folds (false vocal cords).

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21
Q

glottis

A

Contains vocal cords and 1cm below them. The openingbetween the vocal cords is known as rima glottidis, the size of which is altered by the muscles of phonation.

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22
Q

Subglottis

A

From inferior border of the glottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.

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23
Q

What is the larynx lined with

A

pseudostratifiedciliated columnar epithelium

BUT true vocal cords are lined with stratified squamous epithelium

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24
Q

Nerve supply to the larynx

A

VAGUS

Recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles (except cricothyroid) and mucosa below vocal folds

Superior laryngeal nerve divides into the external branch which supplies cricothyroid muscle and the internal branch which supplies mucosa above vocal folds

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25
Q

What are the types of extrinsic muscles of the larynx and what are they in general

A

move the larynx superiorly and inferiorly. AS A WHOLE
They are comprisedof the suprahyoid and infra hyoid groups, and the stylopharyngeus (a muscle of the pharynx)
attach to the hyoid bone

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26
Q

What are the suprahyoid group muscles

A

mylohyoid,diagastric, geniohyoid and stylohyoid – fix and elevate the hyoid bone and larynx

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27
Q

Infrahyoid extrinsic muscles

A

sternothyroid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid = lower the hyoid bone and larynx

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28
Q

Role of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Pull on vocal cords
Act on the Cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid joints

Adjust tendon, facilitate laryngeal inlet closure, control dimensions of glottis

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29
Q

Name the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A 
Cricothyroid
Posterior cricoartythenoids 
Lateral cricoarytenoids 
Thryoarytenoids 
Oblique and transverse arytenoids
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30
Q

Cricothyoid
Attachments
Actions
Innervation

A

Attachments: Originates from the anterolateral aspectof the cricoid cartilage, and attaches to the inferior margin and inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage.
Actions: Stretches and tenses the vocal ligament.
Innervation: External laryngeal nerve (branch of superiorlaryngeal).

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31
Q

Thyroarytenoid
Attachments
Actions
Innervation

A

The thyroarytenoid muscle acts to relax the vocal ligament, allowing for a softer voice.
Attachments: Originates from the inferoposterior aspect of the angle of the thyroid cartilage, and attaches to the anterolateral part of the arytenoid cartilage.
Actions: Relaxes the vocal ligament.
Innervation: Inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of recurrent laryngeal).

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32
Q

Posterior cricoaryenoid
Attachments
Actions
Innervation

A

sole abductors of the vocal folds, and thus the only muscle capable of widening therima glottidis.
Attachments: Originates from the posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage, and attaches to the muscularprocess of the arytenoid cartilage.
Actions: Abducts vocal folds.
Innervation: Inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of recurrent laryngeal).

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33
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid
Attachments
Actions
Innervation

A

major adductors of the vocal folds. This narrows the rima glottidis, modulating the tone and volume of speech.
Attachments: Originates from the arch of the cricoid cartilage, and attaches to the muscularprocess of the arytenoid cartilage.
Actions: Adducts the vocal folds.
Innervation: Inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of recurrent laryngeal).

34
Q

Transverse adn oblique arytenoids
Attachments
Actions
Innervation

A

adduct the arytenoid cartilages, closing the posterior portion of rima glottidis. This narrows the laryngeal inlet.
Attachments: Spans from one arytenoid cartilage to the opposite arytenoid.
Actions: Adducts the arytenoid cartilages.
Innervation: Inferior laryngeal nerve (branch of recurrent laryngeal).

35
Q

Membranes and ligaments examples in the larynx

A 
Thyrohyoid membrane
Median thyrohyoid ligament– Anteromedial thickening of the membrane.
Lateral thyrohyoid ligaments – Posterolateral thickenings of the membrane.
Hyo-epiglotticligament 
Cricotracheal ligament
Median cricothyroid ligament
Cricothyroid ligament 
Quadrangular membrane
36
Q

Function of ligaments and membranes in the larynx

A

support the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx, whilst the folds are involved in airway protection and phonation.

37
Q

Explain the true vocal cords superficial to deep

A

Non keratisied stratified squamous epithelium
Reinkes space
Vocal ligament
Vocalis muscle

38
Q

Reinkes space

A

TRUE vocal cords
watery, amorphous layer is rich in glycosaminoglycans.

fluidity= the epithelium is able to vibrate freely above it to create sound.

39
Q

Vocalis muscle

A

Exceptionally fine muscle fibres that lie lateral to the vocal ligaments.

40
Q

Vocal folds description

Space between true vocal folds

A

avascular, and appear white in colour

Rima glottidis

41
Q

Vestibular folds explained

A 
superiorly to the true vocal cords. 
 vestibular ligament (free lower edge of the quadrangular membrane) covered by a mucous membrane, and are pink in colour. 
They are fixed folds, which act to provide protection to the larynx
42
Q

Vocal cavity

Covering

A

Begins at laryngeal inlet/ends at trachea

Covered by mucosa – epithelial lining with modified salivary glands

43
Q

What are the laryngeal cartilidges

A

ninecartilages located within the larynx; three unpaired, and six paired.

form the laryngeal skeleton, which provides rigidity and stability

44
Q

Unpaired laryngeal cartilidges

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid

45
Q

Epiglottis cartilidge

A

Leaf shaped
Elastic cartilidge
Entrance to larynx
Flattens and moves posteriorly to close off the larynx and prevent aspiration

46
Q

Thyroid cartilidge

A

2 sheets which join anteriorly to form the larygeal prominence ( adams apple)

47
Q

Cricoid cartilidge

A

Complete ring of hyaline cartilage
Narrower arch anteriorly - signet ring
Encircles airway making inferior border of larynx at c6
Articulates with paried arytenoid cartilidges posteriorly
Pressure can be applied to occlude oesphagus

48
Q

paired cartilidges

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

49
Q

Arytenoid cartilidge

A

PAIRED
Pyramidal shaped sitting on cricoid
Apex, base, vocal process and muscular process

50
Q

Corniculate cartilidge

A

Minor cartilaginous structures
Paired
Articulate with arytenoid

51
Q

Cuneiform cartilidges

A

Within aryepiglottic folds

STRENGTHEN with no direct attachment

52
Q

Thoracic cage

A

12thoracic vertebrae
12 pairs of ribs and coastal cartilages
Sternum
thoracic inlet

53
Q

Costovertebral joint

A

Refers to joints between ribs and vertebrae , SYNOVIAL JOINT
Can be:
Between the head of rib and vertebral body
Between tubercule of rib and transverse process of vertebrae ( costotransverse)

54
Q

Where does rib articulate with verebrae

A

Corresponding rib articulates with its associated superior demi facet of vertebrae and inferior demi facet of verebrae above
E.g. if you have rib 3 , articulates with 3rd vertebral body below and inferior demi facet of 2nd vertebral body

55
Q

Intervertebral joint

A

Synovial joints between articular processes

Symphases between vertebral bodies

56
Q

Stenocoastal and interchondral joints

A

Primary cartilaginous joint – 1st sternocastal joint considered a primar…
Synovial joints = remaining sternocoastal joints
Interchondral joints = synovial supported by intercondral ligaments

attach the sternum (sterno-) with the costal cartilages (-chondral) of the thorax.

57
Q

XIPHISTERNAL and manubriosternal joints

A

Manu= symphysis, formed by the inferior border of the manubrium and the superior border of the sternal bod

Xiph=sympysis, near the bottom of the sternum, where the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process meet

58
Q

Costochondral joints

A

10 pairs
between each rib and its coastal cartilidge
Hyaline cartilidge
Primary cartilaginous

59
Q

Sternoclavicular junction

A

Saddle shaped synovial joint

60
Q

Arteries to thoracic wall

A

Internal thoracic artery and the anterior & posterior intercostal arteries and veins

61
Q

Veins from thoracic wall

A

Anteriorly the thoracic veins drain into brachiocephallic vein
Posteriorly the azygous veins drain into the superior vena cava

62
Q

Nervous supply of throacic wall

A

Ventral primary rami of thoracic spinal nerves form intercostal nerves, and receive rami communicants from the sympathetic trunk

63
Q

The diaphragm

2 main functions

A

double-domed musculotendinous sheet, located at the inferior-most aspect of the rib cage. It serves two main functions:
Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity Undergoes contraction and relaxation, altering the volume of the thoracic cavity and the lungs, producing inspiration and expiration.

64
Q

Peripheral attachments of diagram

A

Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments.
Costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 (attach directly to ribs 11-12).
Xiphoid process of the sternum.

65
Q

Left crus of diaphragm

A

Arises from L1-L2 and their intervertebral discs.

66
Q

Right crus of diaphragm

A

Arises from L1-L3 and their intervertebral discs.Some fibres from the right crus surround the oesophageal opening, acting as a physiological sphincter to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus.

67
Q

Central tendon of the diaphragm and the domes

A

The muscle fibres of the diaphragm combine to form a central tendon. tendon ascends to fuse with the inferior surface of the fibrous pericardium. Either side of the pericardium, the diaphragm ascendsto form left and right domes.

68
Q

What are the crus of diaphragm

A

The parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae( tendinous in structure)

69
Q

Right dome vs left dome placement

A

the right dome lies slightly higher than the left – this is thought to be due to the presence of the liver.

70
Q

Pathways through the diagram

A

T8 – inferior vena cava and terminal branches of right phrenic nerve
T10- oesphagus, right and left vagus nerves, esophageal branches of left astric artery/vein
T12- aorta, thoracic duct, azygous vein

71
Q

Innervation from diaphragm

A

motor innervation from thephrenic nerve.The left half of the diaphragm (known as a hemidiaphragm) is innervated by the left phrenic nerve, and vice versa. Each phrenic nerve is formed in the neck within the cervical plexusand contains fibres from spinal roots C3-C5.

72
Q

Arterial supply to the diaphragm

A

inferior phrenic arteries, which arise directly from the abdominal aorta.

73
Q

Trachea - posterior anterior and lateral

A

Anteriorly –thyroid isthmus at 2ndand 3rdtracheal cartilage; left brachiocephalic vein
Posteriorly –oesophagus
Laterally –the lobes of the thyroid gland and the carotid sheath, containing the common carotid artery, the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve

74
Q

Bifurcation ( carina)

A

t4/t5
trachea
occurs between the division of the two main bronchi

75
Q

Lobes of lung

A

Right has 3, left has 2

76
Q

Where do vessels and bronchi enter the lung

A

at the root;on medial surface of lung, this is knownas the hilum

77
Q

Lung tissue and visceral pleura is supplied by..
drained by
vasculature

A

bronchial arteries, branches of desc. Aorta

Corresponding bronchial veins drain into azygos and hemiazygos veins

78
Q

Nervous innervation to lung tissue and visceral pleura

A

Lungs and visceral pleura are supplied with autonomic innervation from sympathetic trunks and vagus nerves, via pulmonary plexi;
Parasympathetic stimulation constricts bronchioles
Sympathetic dilates bronchioles

79
Q

Lymphatics - lung tissue and visceral pleura

A

Lymph from the lungs drains to bronchopulmonary nodes at the hilum, to tracheobronchial nodes in the mediastinum, then drains up to nodes along the tracheato the root of the neck

80
Q

What are pleura

A

mesothelial membranes that line the thoracic cavity and enclose the pleural space
Contain thin film of pleural fluid

81
Q

Visceral pleura

A

adherent to the surface of lung (innervated by autonomic nerves)

82
Q

Parietal plerua

A

has costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal parts (somatic innervation by intercostal andphrenic nerves

CBL MSK (6 decks)

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