lecturen6 Chemical Messengers

Question 1

Intracellular Communication

Answer 1

• Cells communicating with eachother

Question 2

Types of intercellular communication

Answer 2

1. Direct
   - Gap junctions: pores (connexons) connecting adajacent cells together
2. Indirect
   - communicate with chemical messengers

Question 3

classifications of chemical messengers

Answer 3

1. Functional
2. chemical Properties
3. chemical class

Question 4

What are the different Functional Classification’s

Answer 4

1. paracrine
2. neurotransmitters
3. hormones

Question 5

Paracrine

Answer 5

chemicals that communicate with neighboring cells (tissue) level

Question 6

Distance of Paracrine

Answer 6

Short

Question 7

Mode of transportation for Paracrine

Answer 7

diffusion

Question 8

What does the paracrine include

Answer 8

Autocrine: chemicals that act on same cell that secrete them

Question 9

Examples of Paracrine

Answer 9

growth factors, clotting factors, cytokines

Question 10

What are Neurotransmitter

Answer 10

Chemical released neurons —> synapse—> target cell

Question 11

Distance of neurotransmitter

Answer 11

Short

Question 12

Mode of transportation of neurotransmitter?

Answer 12

diffusion

Question 13

Examples of neurotransmitter??

Answer 13

acetlycholine; nuerotransmitter triggers mucsle cell for contraction (autonomic)

Question 14

Hormones

Answer 14

Chemicals released from endocrine glands or neurosecretary neuron –> ISF –> Blood

Question 15

Distance of hormones

Answer 15

Long

Question 16

Mode of transportation of Hormones

Answer 16

Blood

Question 17

Chemical properties classification

Answer 17

1. Lipophilic: Lipid soluble (nonpolar), Act on receptors inside the cell
2. Lipophobic: usually water soluble (polar), acts on receptos on cell membrane

Question 18

Chemical classes

Answer 18

1. Amino Acids
2. Amine
3. Peptides and proteins
4. steroids
5. Eicosanoid

Question 19

Amino Acids

Answer 19

Basic monomer for protein

Question 20

Chemical property of Amino Acids

Answer 20

lipophobic (membrane)

Question 21

Functional classification of Amino acids

Answer 21

neurotransmitter (NT)

Question 22

Examples of Amino Acids

Answer 22

glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA

Question 23

Amine

Answer 23

derived from Amino acids , contains NH2 group

Question 24

Chemical property of Amine

Answer 24

Lipophobic generally (except for thyroid hormone)

Question 25

Functional classification of Amine

Answer 25

Paracrine, NT Hormones

Question 26

Examples of Anime

Answer 26

dopamine, serotnin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine, thyroid hormones

Question 27

Peptide and protons

Answer 27

chain of amino acids , most common lipophobic

Question 28

Functional classification of peptides and protons

Answer 28

paracrine, NT, hormones

Question 29

Examples of Peptides and Protons

Answer 29

cytokines, variety of NT and hormones

Question 30

Steroids

Answer 30

Derived from cholesterol

Question 31

What is the chemical property of Steroids

Answer 31

lipophilic

Question 32

Functional classification of steroids

Answer 32

hormones

Question 33

Examples of steroids

Answer 33

tertosterone, cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone

Question 34

Eicosanoids

Answer 34

Derived from arachidonic acid (Fatty acid)

Question 35

Chemical property of Eicosanoid

Answer 35

lipophilic

Question 36

Functional classification of Eicosanoid

Answer 36

paracrine

Question 37

Examples of Eicosanoid

Answer 37

prostaglandin, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotriene

Question 38

Signal Transduction Mechanism ?

Answer 38

1. Source releases aligand (chemical messenger) 2. travels to target cell 3. Ligand binds to receptors on/in target cell --> functional change

Question 39

Properties of cell receptors

Answer 39

1. Messenger Specific 2. Multiple receptor types present on and on cell 3. more interactions --> greater the effect

Question 40

Factors affecting interactions

Answer 40

1. messenger concentration 2. number of receptors 3. affinity

Question 41

Intracellular mediated response

Answer 41

Receptors: inside the cell messenger: lipophilic Response: gene activation or inhibition

Question 42

Effects in intracellular mediated response

Answer 42

1. slow --> protein synthesis takes time | 2. Long lasting --> proteins last awhile

Question 43

Membrane receptor mediated response

Answer 43

Receptors on membrane | messenger: Lipophobic

Question 44

Categories of membrane receptors

Answer 44

1. channel- linked 2. Enzymes - linked 3. G - protein linked

Question 45

Channel - Linked

Answer 45

Receptor also acts as a channel | Response: opens channel in membrane

Question 46

Enzyme Linked

Answer 46

Receptor: also acts as an intracellular enzyme Response: activates enzyme

Question 47

G protein Linked

Answer 47

Receptor linked to a group of proteins ( g Protein) in membrane (moves laterally)

Question 48

G protein linked Response

Answer 48

Response activates g protien ---> activates another membrane bound protein

Question 49

Second Messenger

Answer 49

Intracellular Molecule produced/ entered as a response to an extracellular messenger - can amplify a signal

Question 50

Examples of Second Messenger

Answer 50

Ca2, cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Question 51

Long distance Communication

Answer 51

Required to regulate all body activities

Question 52

what is long distance communucation regulated by

Answer 52

1. Endocrine System: Releasing of hormones into blood - Effects moderatly slow 2. Nervous System: Signal target cells through NT - effects are fast (1/100 o a sec)