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Remote Sensing of the Environment > Lecture9 > Flashcards

Lecture9 Flashcards

1
Q

radiometric resolution

A

The sensitivity of a detector to differences in signal strength as it records.

“how many gray shades” a sensor can resolve (e.g. 8 bit = 0 to 255 shades, or 10-bit = 0 to 1023)

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2
Q

8-bit

A

2^8=256, or 0 to 255

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3
Q

10-bit

A

2^10 = 1024, or 0 to 1023

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4
Q

Why panchromatic have higher spatial resolution than separate BGR spectra?

A

Stronger signal / more spectral information per pixel

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5
Q

LDCM

A

Landsat Data Continuation mission (Landsat 8)

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6
Q

Landsat specifications

A

Multi-spectral remote sensing: Landsat
• Sun-synchronous near polar orbits
• Inclination 99° and 98.2°
• 919 km altitude (Landsat 1, 2, 3), 705 km for the others
• Orbits the earth every 103 minutes (Landsat 1, 2, 3)
• Cross latitude at approximately the same local time (equator 9:30 to 10:00 am)

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7
Q

Distance between Landsat orbits is because…

A

…earth is moving

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8
Q

Landsat coverage (what augmented by and what type of orbit? What suited for?)

A

Augmented by Tracking and Data Relay Satellite
System (TDRS)
- Geosynchronous
- Medium resolution is well suited to systematic global coverage


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9
Q

TDRS

A

Tracking and Data Relay Satellite

System

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10
Q

Landsats sensors

A

Landsats sensors (MSS, TM, ETM+, OLI and TIRS) carried combinations of 7 types of sensors:

– Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) camera systems
• Imaged entire ground scene instantaneously
• Improved cartographic fidelity
• Only flew on Landsats 1-3
– Multispectral Scanner (MSS) systems on LS4-5
– Thematic Mapper (TM) on LS4-5
– Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) on LS6
– Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) on LS7
– Operation Land Imager (OLI) on LS8
– Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) on LS8

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11
Q

RBV camera systems

A

– Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) camera systems
• Imaged entire ground scene instantaneously
• Improved cartographic fidelity
• Only flew on Landsats 1-3

Beware that numbers of channels differ from different Landsats

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12
Q

MSS bands on Landsat 1-5

A

Multispectral scanner

Band 4/1 (0.5-0.6 μm) Green
– Water features (large penetration depth)
– Sensitivity to turbidity (suspended material)
– Sensitivity to atmospheric haze

Band 5/2 (0.6-0.7 μm) Red
– Chlorophyll absorption region
– Good contrast between vegetated and non-vegetated areas
– Haze penetration better than band 4

Band 6/3 (0.7-0.8 μm) and Band 7/4 (0.8-1.1 μm) NIR
– Similar for most surface features
– Good contrast between land and water (water is strong absorber in NIR)
– Both bands excellent haze penetration
– Band 7 for discrimination of snow and ice

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13
Q

Landsat uses of MSS Band 4/1 (0.5-0.6 μm) Green

A

– Water features (large penetration depth)
– Sensitivity to turbidity (suspended material)
– Sensitivity to atmospheric haze

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14
Q

Landsat uses of MSS Band 5/2 (0.6-0.7 μm) Red

A

– Chlorophyll absorption region
– Good contrast between vegetated and non-vegetated areas
– Haze penetration better than band 4 (green)

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15
Q

Landsat uses of MSS Band 6/3 (0.7-0.8 μm) and Band 7/4 (0.8-1.1 μm) NIR

A

– Similar for most surface features
– Good contrast between land and water (water is strong absorber in NIR)
– Both bands excellent haze penetration
– Band 7 for discrimination of snow and ice

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16
Q

Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) bands (LS 4 and 5)

A

On LS 4 and 5

Band 1 (0.45-0.52 μm) Blue-green
Band 2 (0.52-0.60 μm) Green
Band 3 (0.63-0.69 μm) Red
Band 4 (0.76-0. 90 μm) Near IR
Band 5 (1.55-1. 75 μm) Mid IR
Band 6 (10.4-12. 50 μm) Thermal IR
Band 7 (2.08-2. 35 μm) Mid IR
17
Q

Landsat uses of Thematic Mapper Band 1 (0.45-0.52 μm) Blue-green

A

– Good water penetration (bathometry and coastal studies)
– Differentiating soil and rock surfaces from vegetation detection of cultural features
– Smoke plumes
– Most sensitive to atmospheric haze

18
Q

Landsat uses of Thematic Mapper Band 2 (0.52-0.60 μm) Green

A

– Water turbidity differences
– Sediment and pollution plumes
– Discrimination of broad classes of vegetation

19
Q

Landsat uses of Thematic Mapper Band 3 (0.63-0.69 μm) Red

A

Strong chlorophyll absorption(vegetation versus soil)

Urban versus rural areas

20
Q

Landsat uses of Thematic Mapper Band 4 (0.76-0. 90 μm) Near IR

A

Different vegetation varieties and conditions
Dry versus moist soil
Coastal wetland, swamps, flooded areas

21
Q

Landsat uses of Thematic Mapper Band 5 (1.55-1. 75 μm) Mid IR

A

Leaf tissue water content (reflection less as more water  )
Moisture content of soil
Snow (light tone) versus cloud (dark tone)

22
Q

Landsat uses of Thematic Mapper Band 6 (10.4-12. 50 μm) Thermal IR

A

Heat mapping applications
Radiant surface temperature: range -100 C to +150 C

NOTE: 120 m spatial resolution–need larger pixel to pick up signal

23
Q

Landsat uses of Thematic Mapper Band 7 (2.08-2. 35 μm) Mid IR

A

Absorption band by hydrous minerals (clay, mica) Lithologic mapping (clay zones)

24
Q

Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+)

A

• April 15, 1999-present
• WRS-2 path/row system
• Sun-synchronous orbit at altitude of 705 km (438 mi)
• 233 orbit cycle every 16 days covers the complete globe (except the highest polar
latitudes)
• Inclined 98.2°
• Orbiting the Earth every 98.9 minutes
• Equatorial crossing time: 10:00 am ±15 minutes
• Each scene is 185 wide x 170 km high (115 mil x 105 mi)
• 8-bit quantization (28 DN values)
• on-board calibration
Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) bands
Band # (Channel)
Wavelength range (μm)
Spectral Location
Resolution (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.450-0.515 0.525-0.605 0.630-0.690 0.775-0.900 1.550-1.750 10.40-12.50 2.090-2.350 0.520-0.900
Blue-green Green Red Near IR Mid IR Thermal IR Mid IR
?
30 30 30 30 30 60 30 15

25
Q

Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and

Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)

A

• Launched February 11, 2013
• Composed of two major systems: the observatory and the ground
• Observatory system consists of the spacecraft bus and two sensors OLI and TIRS
• The data will be stored onboard the bus and then the bus transmit the data to
ground receiving stations
• The ground system provides capabilities for planning and operations of LDCM
(Landsat 8) scheduling and to manage science data following transmission
• 5 years design life (fuel for 10 years)
• Built by Orbital Sciences Corporation
Landsat 8 sensors Operational Land Imager (OLI)
• Measures in the visible, near infrared, and shortwave infrared
• OLI uses an approach by ALI (Advanced Land Imager) flown
onboard EO-1 satellite
• Pushbroom, 7000 detectors per spectral band
• 12-bit quantization (212 DN values)
• Built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corporation
Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)
• Measures land surface temperature in two thermal bands
• Based on quantum physics to detect heat • Pushbroom

26
Q

Launch dates for various Landsats

A

TBA

Remote Sensing of the Environment (12 decks)

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