Lecture1

Question 1

What did Rudolf Albert discover?

Answer 1

In 1856, describes ‘granules’

in muscles that later are found to be mitochondria

Question 2

What did Richard Altmann discover?

Answer 2

In 1890, develops
new staining procedures that
allow him to describe ‘Bioblasts’,
‘elementary organisms’ that live
inside cells

Question 3

What did Carl Benda discover?

Answer 3

In 1898, uses crystal violet and
coins the term ‘mitochondria’
• ‘mitos’ - thread
• ‘chondros’ - granule

Question 4

What did Leonor Michaelis discover?

Answer 4

In 1900, publishes a new
dye (Janus Green) that stains mitochondria
in living cells

Question 5

What did George Palade and Fritiof

Sjöstrand discover?

Answer 5

In 1953, Electronmicroscopy

Question 6

What did the Eletronmicroscopy by Palade and Fritiof bring?

Answer 6

brings the first
high-resolution images of
mitochondria

Question 7

What is the length of MtDN

Answer 7

15kB, they isolated from mouse

liver reveals circular topology

Question 8

When was the identification of mitochondrial
fibrils that are sensitive to
DNAse

Answer 8

in 1963

Question 9

What is the name of the scientist that saw mitochondria for the first time?

Answer 9

Rudolf Albert von Kölliker

Question 10

What kind of cells did Nass and Nass use for their electron microscopic images?

Answer 10

Chick embryo cells

Question 11

How are respiratory deficient yeast cells called?

Answer 11

Petite mutants

Question 12

In which year were mitochondrial ribosomes isolated from Neurospora crassa cells?

Answer 12

1967

Question 13

What did Nass discover?

Answer 13

In 1963, was the first time that from mtDNA by Nass took image

Question 14

What did Nass in 1963 saw?

Answer 14

He saw fibrils and then with Dnase it disapeard

Question 15

Is mt always bean-shaped?

Answer 15

No, Mitochondria are not always bean shaped

Question 16

How are Mitochondria

visualized?

Answer 16

by targeting a
fluorescent protein into
mitochondria

Question 17

How Mitochondria are highly dynamic?

Answer 17

• Fusion and fission
events
• Transport along
cytoskeleton

Question 18

What kind of experiments are paved the way to

understand the function of mitochondria?

Answer 18

Subcellular fractionation studies

Question 19

What condition is crucial for the isolation of

intact mitochondria?

Answer 19

Isotonic conditions

Question 20

How in 1948 did they found out that mitochondria are the site of respiration?

Answer 20

They put the mt in a hypotonic condition, then it swelling and water came inside of mt, and it Broken, non-functional mitochondria,, which leads to no respiration anymore (because the enzymes came out from mt)

Question 21

Mitochondria, what Are they actually good for?

Answer 21

1) Energy production
2) Cell signaling
3) Ca2+ buffering
4) Apoptosis
5) Metabolism

Question 22

Mitochondria, what Are they actually good for Metabolism?

Answer 22

• Amino acids
• Nucleotides
• Fe-S clusters
• Heme
• ß-oxidation

Question 23

What is the power

plants of the cell?

Answer 23

Mitochondria,

Question 24

Which part of Energy metabolism takes place in mt?

Answer 24

1) TCA cycle
2) Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation
- > ATP

Question 25

By which pathway Pyruvate produce?

Answer 25

Polysaccharides -> Monosaccharides (Glucose) | ->Glycolysis ->Pyruvate

Question 26

What is Glucose oxidation | yields?

Answer 26

2840 KJ/mol (almost 3000kj/mol) so not that much energy

Question 27

How many Atp and NADH will produce per Glycolysis?

Answer 27

Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi-----> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O + 2

Question 28

What you can say about 2 Atp producing per Glycolysis?

Answer 28

to hydrolysis Atp, we need 30KH/mol so lots of energy that produce in glycolysis left there in Glucose.

Question 29

What is a pathway if we didn't have a respiratory chain?

Answer 29

Pyruvate->1)Lactate(in muscle) NADH-> NAD+ 2) in yeast Ethanol NADH -> NAD+

Question 30

How does Pyruvate enter mitochondria?

Answer 30

by Pyruvate carrier, transfer to matrix then pyruvate convert to Acetyl-CoA by PDH Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 31

By which Enzyme pyruvate convert to Acetyl-CoA?

Answer 31

PDH | Pyruvate dehydrogenase also producing NADH and co2

Question 32

IS PDH a small complex? how many proteins does it consist of?

Answer 32

* A multienzyme complex * One of the largest enzyme complexes known * Consists of three different proteins (E1, E2 and E3)

Question 33

What Coenzymes/Prosthetic groups does PDH have?

Answer 33

``` -Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) • Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) • Coenzyme A (CoA) • Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) • Lipoate ```

Question 34

What are the functions of E1, E2, and E3 of the PDH complex?

Answer 34

(1)E1 decarboxylates Pyruvate and acetylates the lipoid group of E2 (2)E2 catalyses the transfer of acetyl to CoA (3)E3 oxidises lipoamide moiety

Question 35

In the picture descirbe

Answer 35

E2 is the green, E3 is the small red parts, E1 is the yellow surraonding one. we have also swinging arm

Question 36

what other component can enter to pyruvate and acetyl-CoA conversation?

Answer 36

Fats->fatty acids and also Pro to -> a.a also a.a can enter to TCA directly

Question 37

What are the names of the TCA cycle?

Answer 37

* Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) | * Krebs Cycle

Question 38

By who is the TCA cycle discovered? when? and in what did the prize?

Answer 38

• Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937 • Received the Nobel prize in physiology and medicine in 1953

Question 39

What is the pathway to entering pyruvate into the TCA cycle?

Answer 39

Pyruvate(that produced in the cytosol) enter then E1 decarboxylates pyruvate ant then pyruvate attach to the E1 enzyme and acetate transferred to the lipoid of E2 -> it transfers acetyl to coA-> what left is the enzyme with SH GP( then they reduced) and to keep continue the cycle the enzyme should oxidase again so E3 will transfer FAD to FADH

Question 40

Which of the following statements are correct? Select one or more: a. The PDH is localized to the Intermembrane Space b. TPP, FAD, CoenzymeA and iron-sulfur clusters are important prosthetic groups of the PDH c. PDH is among the largest protein complexes known d. ATP is generated by the PDH e. The swinging arm of the E2 subunit facilitates substrate channeling

Answer 40

The correct answers are: PDH is among the largest protein complexes known, The swinging arm of the E2 subunit facilitates substrate channeling

Question 41

A cell metabolizes glucose. What is the metabolite that is transported into mitochondria?

Answer 41

Pyruvate

Question 42

What is the terminal electron acceptor of the respiratory chain in mt?

Answer 42

O2