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Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience > Lecture Week 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How many Australians are estimated to be living with MS?

A

Around 25, 600

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2
Q

On average, how many Australians are diagnosed with MS every week?

A

More than 10

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3
Q

What is damaged in MS?

A

the myelin

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4
Q

What are some symptoms in MS?

A

thoughts, visions, taste, feelings, muscles, smell, hearing, touch

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5
Q

What do nerve cells generate to transmit information?

A

electrical signals

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6
Q

What are neurons general resting potential?

A

Generally more negative, around -70mv.

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7
Q

What are neurons separated by?

A

extracellular fluid, composed of mainly water and salts.

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8
Q

What are the two parts of SALTS molecules?

A

One part carry a postitive charge and the other a negative charge.

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9
Q

Describe the head and tail of the cell membrane.

A

The head has a polar region and do is hydrophilic, while the tail has no polar regions and so is hydrophobic.

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10
Q

What are the three factors which influence movement of ions into and out of cells?

A
  1. concentration gradient
  2. voltage gradient
  3. structure permeability of the membrane
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11
Q

Describe the concentration gradient

A

Is ink is dropped into water, it will flow away from the initial point of contact until it is equally distributed

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12
Q

Describe an electrostatic gradient

A

If a salty solutions is poured into the water, the positive and negative ions will flow down their electrostatic gradients until the positive and negative charges are everywhere equal.

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13
Q

Describe the selective permeability of the membrane

A

salt placed in one side of a glass of water that is divided by a barrier dissolves. positive and negative ions distribute themselves in half the container but cannot cross the barrier.

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14
Q

What are four major ions in a neuronal membrane

A
  1. potassium
  2. sodium ions
  3. chloride ions
    and
  4. large protein anions
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15
Q

What is a ligand gated channel?

A

ion transporters and ion channels are responsible for ionic movements across neuronal membranes

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16
Q

What are mechanically gated channels?

A

opened when a force requires them to open

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17
Q

what are voltage gated channels?

A

“ball and chain” when ball is open, allows ions to flow through.

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18
Q

What are leakage channels?

A

a channel which randomly open, allowing ions to flow through

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19
Q

What is a sodium and potassium pump?

A

The processor moving sodium and potassium ions across the cels membrane.

20
Q

What how do we calculate the equilibrium potential?

A

For a given ion, the electrical potential generated across the membrane can be predicted by the nearnst equation.

21
Q

What is the equilibrium potential?

A

The voltage at which that ion no longer wants to flow across the membrane.

22
Q

What is the postsynaptic potential?

A

A gadded potential in the dendrites of a neutron that receives synapses from other cells

23
Q

What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A

Is depolarising (+) because it causes the membrane potential to move toward threshold

24
Q

What is the inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

A

It is hyper polarising (-) because it causes the membrane potential to move away from the threshold

25
Q

What is an action potential?

A

A brief (about 1 ms) change from negative to positive in the trans-membrane potential. It is all or none.

26
Q

What is produces in an action potential?

A

A brief, large influx of Na+ ions and a brief, large efflux of K+ ions.

27
Q

What is the movement of an action potential along an axon called?

A

A nerve impulse

28
Q

How is a nerve impulse produces?

A

Each AP propagates another AP or an adjacent part of the axon membrane.

29
Q

Before the action potential, where are the neurotransmitter stored?

A

in vesicles within the terminal buttons

30
Q

What happens after the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft?

A

Some will attach to receptor molecules in the postsynaptic membrane and activate them

31
Q

Who discovered the first neurotransmitter?

A

Otto Loewi in the 1920’s.

32
Q

What are neuromodulators?

A

other neuroactive substances which have been described that modulate the effects of neurotransmitters, but do not meet all the requirements to be a neurotransmitter

33
Q

For a substance to be a neurotransmitter, it must have what properties? (4)

A
  1. be synthesised and stored in the presynaptic neutron
  2. be released into the synapse when the neuron fires
  3. cause a post synaptic effect after it interacts with a receptor
  4. have some mechanisms for degradation or repuptake
34
Q

What do agonistic drugs effects do?

A

increase the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules

35
Q

What do antagonist drug effects do?

A

blocks the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecules

36
Q

What are amino acid transmitter?

A

Provide the majority of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the nervous system

37
Q

What is acetycholine (ACh). ?

A

The first neurotransmitter ever discovered

38
Q

What does acetylcholine do in terms of function?

A

Controls heart rate, plays a role in motor movement, plays a role in memory (Alzheimer’s disease involves a degeneration of ACh in the basal forebrain)

39
Q

Describe the treatment of mild moderate dementia:

A

Acetylcholinesterate inhibitor + activates presynaptic nicotine receptors to facilitate ACh release

40
Q

What are the biogenic amines?

A
  1. norepinephrine
  2. epinephrine
  3. dopamine
  4. histamine
  5. serotonin
41
Q

What is norepinephrine?

A

distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. maintains cortical arousal.

42
Q

What is norepinephrine involved in?

A

attention, eating and emotion. play a role in there PNS. Deficits linked to depression and to ADD.

43
Q

Where is dopamine located?

A

in two main forebrain pathways which originate in the brainstem.

  1. nigrostriatal pathway
  2. central tegmental area
44
Q

Where is serotonin distributed?

A

Throughout the brain and spinal chord.

45
Q

What is serotonin involved in?

A

In the control of the sleep/wake cycle, mood, impulsive behaviour and appetite.

46
Q

What is serotonin used for?

A

numerous behavioural problems including sleep disorder, aggression, obesity, anorexia and depression

Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience (9 decks)

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