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Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience > Lecture Week 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the clear film which is outside the brain?

A

The meningies which protect the brain.

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2
Q

What are the two main thing which the brain mainly consists though?

A

Water and lipids

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3
Q

What does cortex mean?

A

Surface or ‘bark’

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4
Q

What is the top of the brain called?

A

The dorsal surface

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5
Q

Is the brain soft or hard?

A

It is very soft.

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6
Q

What is the front-back called in terms of brain orientation?

A

rostral-caudal (front-back) or anterior-posterior

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7
Q

What is the toward/top/at back - under/belly/front in brain orientation?

A

Dorsal-ventral

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8
Q

What is bottom-top in terms of brain orientation?

A

Inferior-superioir

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9
Q

Looking at the brain from side on, what is the horizontal cut called?

A

The horizontal plane.

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10
Q

If you cut a brain from one ear to the other (vertical) called?

A

The frontal plane

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11
Q

What is the cut called from the forehead to the back of the head (vertical)?

A

The sagittal plane

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12
Q

What would the cut be called if it was horizontally cut on the brain stem?

A

A cross section.

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13
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal chord?

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14
Q

What is the nervous system which is not the CNS?

A

The peripheral nervous system.

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15
Q

What are the two subsections of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

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16
Q

What does afference mean?

A

coming into the body

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17
Q

What does efference mean?

A

coming away from the body

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18
Q

What are the two subsections of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Afference and efferent.
Efferent:
sympathetic nervous system and
parasympathetic nervous system

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19
Q

Name the (5) subdivisions of the spinal chord from top to bottom.

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral and
  5. coccygeal
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20
Q

What are the three main subdivisions of the CNS?

A
  1. forebrain
  2. midbrain
  3. hindbrain
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21
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the forebrain?

A
  1. telencephalon

2. diencephalon

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22
Q

What is the 1 subdivision of the midbrain?

A
  1. mesencephalon
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23
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the hindbrain?

A
  1. metencephalon

2. myelencephalon

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24
Q

The forebrain has two subdivisions; the telencephalon and the diencephalon. What are the three subdivisions of the telencephalon?

A
  1. cerebral cortex
  2. basal ganglia
  3. limbic System
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25
The midbrain has a subdivision called the mesencephalon. What are the two subdivisions of this?
1. tectum | 2. tegmentum
26
The hindbrain has two subdivisions; the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. What is the subdivisions of the metencephalon?
1. The cerebellum and | 2. the pons
27
The forebrain has two subdivisions; the telencephalon and the diencephalon. What are the three subdivisions of the diencephalon?
1. thalamus | 2. hypothalamus
28
The hindbrain has two subdivisions; the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. What is the subdivision of the myelencephalon?
1. medulla oblongata
29
What is the valley called in the brain at the centre?
Central sulcus, and on either side is the precentral and post central gyrus.
30
What is the top back part lobe called on the brain?
The parietal lobe
31
What is the back bottom lobe called?
The occipital lobe
32
What is the Valley called which runs through the mid centre of the brain?
The lateral sulcus.
33
What is one of the most lateralised function of the brain?
language
34
What are the hills called in the brain?
gyrus
35
What is the longitudinal fissure?
Separates the two hemispheres of the brain.
36
What is the central fissure?
Separates the frontal lobe to the parietal, almost in the centre of the brain
37
What is the lateral fissure?
The indentation delineating the temporal lobe.
38
What is the parietal occipital fissure?
Separates the parietal from the occipital lobe
39
What are the 'planes' of the folds ?
The sulcus
40
What are the 'hills' of the brain ?
The gyrus
41
If we were to unfold the human brain, what size would it be?
Around 1 square meter
42
What are the six cortical layers of the cortex from the top to the bottom?
1. Molecular layer 2. external granule cell layer 3. external pyramidal cell layer 4. internal granule cell layer 5. internal pyramidal cell layer 6. multiform layer
43
What are the two major language areas?
Broca's area and Wernickes area
44
Where is Broca's area located?
In the frontal cortex
45
Where is Wernickes area located?
In the temporal lobe
46
What are some components of the prefrontal cortex?
personality, long-term planning, judgement, complicated learning abilities, human features
47
What happens if we have disease in the prefrontal cortex?
loss of judgement, aggression, lack of social awareness, personality disorders, mood swings
48
What are the order of pons, medulla, thalamus, spinal chord and midbrain from top to bottom?
1. thalamus 2. midbrain 3. pons 4. medula 5. spinal chord
49
What does thalamus mean?
Inner chamber of the brain
50
Where is the thalamus located?
In the forebrain
51
What is the central role of the thalamus
early processing of all sensory information except for olfaction
52
What is the thalamus often referred to?
A relay section
53
What is the medial geniculate body involved in, which is a subregion of the thalamus?
To the auditory cortex
54
What does the hypothalamus have close links to?
The endocrine system (hormones) and the autonomic nervous system
55
Where does the hypothalamus sit?
Below the thalamus
56
What does the hypothalamus connect with
The pituitary gland (endocrine gland)
57
What is a key role of the hypothalamus in terms of regulation?
To aim for homeostasis (if we are hungry, returning this to normal. If we are too hot, aiming to maintain a comfortable temperature)
58
What else does the hypothalamus control?
1. fight of flight 2. reproduction 3. growth 4. stress
59
What are the three most common substructures of the basal ganglia?
1. putamen 2. globus palidus 3. tail of caudate
60
What does the basal ganglia regulate?
movement
61
What are the three key structures of the limbic system
1. hippocampus 2. amygdala 3. cingulate cortex
62
What is the amygdala heavily linked to?
Emotion
63
What is the low road?
The thalamus to the amygdala
64
What is the high road?
Thalamus to the sensory cortex to the amygdala
65
If we are walking in the woods and see a stick and quickly get scared, presuming it is a snake, are we taking the high or low road?
The low road (the quicker response)
66
What are two important key structures of the midbrain?
1. substantia nigra (black) | 2. red nucleus
67
What is the cerebellum intensely connected to? (2)
The motor cortex and basal ganglia
68
What is the cerebellum made up of?
neurons called cerebellum mackingy cells
69
What is the cerebellum connected to?
thalamus and pons, motor cortex and association area
70
What is the "oldest" part of the brain?
The brain stem
71
What are some components of the brain stem?
controls eye movement, regulates respiration, swallowing and cardiovascular system, control of autonomic nervous system
72
What are key aspects of the reticular activating system.
Staying aware and conscious
73
What happens if we have damage to the reticular activating systems?
coma and unconsciousness
74
What is the blood brain barrier and what role does it play?
A membrane which surround capillaries in the brain. protects brain from sudden changes and isolates brain from harmful substances
75
What are some sudden changes which the blood brain barrier protects the brain from?
ions, hormones and neurotransmitter
76
What does the blood brain barrier exclude?
many water soluble substances
77
What does the blood brain barrier allow?
alcohol, nicotine, CO2 and small lipid soluble molecules
78
How does the blood brain barrier work?
Endothelial cells form tight junctions to prevent certain substances for entering
79
What are meningies?
The protective sheaths that surround the brain and spinal chord
80
What are the three layers of meningies?
1. dura mater 2. arachnoid matter 3. pia mater
81
Between what two layers of the meningies is spinal fluid?
layers 2 and 3. the arachnoid matter and the Pia matter
82
What is cerebral spinal fluid produced by?
ependymal cells.
83
What do ependymal cells (cerebral spinal fluid) do?
shock absorber, cushion the brain, lowers the weight, allows brain to float

Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience (9 decks)

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