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Ecology and Environment > Lecture Two - Biodiversity > Flashcards

Lecture Two - Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Give some symptoms of Sudden Oak Death.

A
  • Bleeding or sapping from main stem or trunk
  • Wilted shoots
  • Bark beetle infestation
  • Rapid change in foliage colour from green to brown
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2
Q

When was Sudden Oak Death first reported?

A

1995

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3
Q

Give the name of the agent causing Sudden Oak Death.

A

Phytophora ramorum

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4
Q

Describe the experiment conducted to assess the influence of Sudden Oak Death.

A
  • Oaks removed from the landscape

- In Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, New York

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5
Q

Did the experimental removal of oaks affect the community?

A

Had a ripple effect into the community.

Several species linked to oaks; fungi, parasitoids, birds, scale insects.

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6
Q

Other than removal of oaks, describe another experiment conducted in Black Rock Forest.

A

Study on ant diversity and abundance between plots with oaks and plots without oaks.

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7
Q

Name three ways of collecting ants.

A
  • Wrap up tuna and wait for ants to arrive
  • Create pit fall traps with fairy liquid in a beaker in the ground
  • Hunt with tweezers
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8
Q

How many species of ants were found in New York experiment?

A

Nine

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9
Q

Name the most abundant species of ant found in New York experiment.

A

Aphaenogaster rudis

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10
Q

What is the typical shape of a Rank-Abundance Diagram?

A

Lazy-J

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11
Q

What kind of diagram typically produces a Lazy-J shape?

A

Rank-Abundance Diagram

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12
Q

On a Rank-Abundance diagram, how can you assess the species richness?

A

Species richness is the number of bars on the RAD.

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13
Q

Give three reasons why bars on a RAD may not be even/some species are more abundant than others.

A
  • Competition; species ‘1’ would be the strongest, and ‘9’ the weakest.
  • Preference by predators
  • Ease to catch by predators.
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14
Q

Give the three criteria for Rabinowitz’ rarity.

A
  • Size of geographic range (large/small)
  • Habitat specificity (generalised/specialised)
  • Local population density
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15
Q

How many combinations of Rabinowitz rarity criteria are there?

A

Eight

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16
Q

According to Rabinowitz, how many ways are there to be common?

A

One

17
Q

Name a species that is rare by all of Rabinowitz’ criteria.

A

Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Florida, USA)

18
Q

Name an index that can be used to calculate species evenness.

A

Berger-Parker Index

19
Q

Give the equation for the Berger-Parker Index.

A

1/max(Pi)

Pi = the proportion of individuals belonging to the most common species.

20
Q

What would the BP diversity index be for even species abundance in 10 species?

A

10

21
Q

What would the BP dominance index be for even species abundance in 10 species?

A

0.1

22
Q

Give the equation for estimated number of species.

A

S(estimated) = S(observed) + S(undiscovered)

23
Q

Describe the study conducted on species richness in the soil seed bank of Costa Rican rainforest in 1998.

A
  • 34 different species found
  • 121 soil samples
  • 952 seedlings germinated
  • Created Lazy-J shape
24
Q

Describe the accumulation curve.

A
  • Number of species discovered always increases with sampling effort
  • Reaches a saturation point
  • Find less new species the longer you collect individuals
25
Q

How do you estimate the number of undiscovered species?

A

Extrapolate your accumulation curve to a flat line, and use your graph to estimate.

26
Q

Give the equation for the number of undiscovered species, the Chao1 estimator.

A

S(undiscovered) = a^2 / 2b

a = number of species represented by single individuals (singletons)
b = number of species represented by two individuals (doubletons)
27
Q

When does Chao1 report no undiscovered species?

A

When the collection has no singletons (number of species represented by single individuals).

28
Q

Describe a Species-Abundance Distribution.

A
  • Every bar has an ‘abundance bin’ - a range of abundance.
  • Each bar represents the number of species that met this abundance.
  • Most species are of intermediate abundance.
  • Curve = log-normal curve.
29
Q

What comes before the 1st individual in the sample in a SAD diagram?

A

A hypothetical second half of the bell curve.

Species before this point are too rare for us to even catch one.

30
Q

What is the name given to species too rare to catch in a Species Abundance Diagram?

A

‘Behind the veil’ species.

31
Q

Give a model of community assembly.

A

MacArthur’s ‘broken stick’ model - breaking a stick randomly into pieces creates a Lazy J shape.

Ecology and Environment (22 decks)

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