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Ecology and Environment > Lecture Fourteen - Light Pollution > Flashcards

Lecture Fourteen - Light Pollution Flashcards

1
Q

Give and describe the unit for measuring light intensity.

A

Lux

Measurement of how humans perceive light.

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2
Q

What is the increase in lux from 1923-1999 in Britain?

A

0.8 - 13.1

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3
Q

What used to be the major source of light, and has now mostly been faded out?

A

Mercury vapour light

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4
Q

What are the cons of mercury vapour light?

A
  • Expensive to make
  • Not very energy efficient
  • Wet bulbs break
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5
Q

What were mercury vapour lights replaced by?

A

Low-pressure sodium lighting

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6
Q

What were low-pressure sodium lights replaced by?

A
  • High-pressure sodium lighting

- LEDs

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7
Q

What can be said about the light emitted from low pressure sodium lighting?

A

It is almost monochromatic, emitting 600nm pure orange light.

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8
Q

What is the difference between light emitted from low pressure and high pressure sodium lighting?

A
  • Low pressure is almost monochromatic

- High pressure has a greater spectral range.

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9
Q

Give the range of optimum light perception for mammals.

A

400-600nm

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10
Q

What colour light do insects have visual sensitivity to?

A

Blue light

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11
Q

What is the main colour of light found in mercury vapour lighting?

A

Blue light

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12
Q

In what kind of lighting are colours most difficult to identify?

A

Mercury vapour lighting

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13
Q

Why did we move away from low pressure sodium lighting?

A

It is difficult to identify facial expressions from a distance.

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14
Q

What is the main colour of light found in LEDs?

A

Blue

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15
Q

Why are dark patches between light installations avoided by light engineers?

A

Takes some time for drivers’ eyes to adjust to changing light levels.

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16
Q

Why could dark patches be useful ecologically?

A

Act as a dark passageway for animals that don’t like light.

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17
Q

What causes sky glow?

A

Reflective light hitting a hard surface, or escaping upwards from a light fitting.

18
Q

When is sky glow worse?

A
  • Cloudy nights

- When ground is wet

19
Q

What is an ecological effect of sky glow?

A

Could affect navigation.

20
Q

What type of light design is most likely to produce sky glow?

A

Balled lights

21
Q

Give the proportions of light destinations for balled lights.

A
  • 50% waste
  • 10% glare
  • 40% productive
22
Q

How could light pollution in the environment affect the migration of animals?

A
  • Many use celestial cues when migrating
  • Cannot see stars
  • Could cause difficulties in migration
23
Q

What colour lighting do birds use to calibrate their magnetic compass?
What colour light disrupts the compass?

A
  • use blue-green light

- red light disrupts this

24
Q

In what particular weather are birds attracted to lights?

A

Cloudy weather

25
Q

How can we change lighting on gas extraction rigs?

A

Place filters over the lights to filter out some wavelengths.

26
Q

What colour light for birds causes the

a) Most encounters?
b) Least encounters?

A

a) Most encounters with white light

b) Least encounters with blue lights.

27
Q

Why can’t blue lights be put in oil rigs?

A

If you cut yourself, can’t see the bleeding.

28
Q

What colour lights are attractive to fish?

A

Green

29
Q

Are Greater Horseshoe bats found more in dark or light areas?

A

Dark

30
Q

Describe the characteristics of light shy species of bat.

A
  • Late emerging
  • Slow flyers
  • Moth specialists
31
Q

Describe the characteristics of light tolerant species.

A
  • Early emerging
  • Fast flyers
  • Use early-emerging insects
32
Q

Give two species of light shy bats.

A
  • Horseshoe

- Long-eared

33
Q

Give two species of light tolerant bats.

A
  • Noctule

- Pipistrelle

34
Q

What group of bats have been found to have more activity around lights than away from them?

A

Leisleri bats

35
Q

What tones of light attract larger moths, noctuids?

A

Blue (LEDs)

36
Q

What percentage of a brown long-eared bat’s diet is noctuid moths?

A

80%

37
Q

Why could it be an advantage for bats to feed on moths around streetlights?

A
  • Moths can hear echolocation cries of bats
  • The drop-out response of moths is impaired by presence of light
  • Moths could be easier to catch
38
Q

What is the effect of Chironomid emergence in high or medium light?

A

Greater numbers of Chironomids emerging.

39
Q

What is the effect of mayfly emergence in high lighting?

A

Won’t emerge at all in high lighting.

40
Q

What is the effect of Trichotopert levels in high lighting?

A

Majorly reduced.

Ecology and Environment (22 decks)

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