Lecture Three

Question 1

What is VO2 max?

Answer 1

-VO2 Max= Measure of cardiorespiratory fitness/ aerobic capacity.
o Information required to calculate internal oxygen consumption= ventilation, levels of expired O2 & CO2.
o How much oxygen is used & how much CO2 produced indicates what macronutrients are being broken down?

Question 2

What can our breath tell about us and what is it useful for?

Answer 2

-Our breath can tell us how fit we are which is useful for:
o Baseline measure= pre-training.
o Post training= measured effectiveness of training.
o Energy requirements of an exercise bout.
o Resting metabolic rate= can assist with weight loss prescription.
o Point of lactate threshold= determine & enhance performance.

Question 3

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 3

-Primary function; Respiration (breathing)
o Exchange of O2 & CO2 across a membrane.
-Point of difference:
o Respiration= Breaking: exchange of O2 & waste products at the level of the lungs.
o Cellular Respiration= Metabolic processes & reactions that convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP & release waste products.
-O2 is required for this process & CO2 is produced.

Question 4

What is the profess of respiration?

Answer 4

Step One: (Pulmonary) Ventilation
o Movement of air into (& out of) lungs.
o Inspiration (inhalation)= air moves into the RS
o Expiration (Exhalation)= air moves out of RS
Step Two: External Respiration
o Exchange of gas between air in lungs (alveoli) into circulatory system.
-O2 enters the blood at lungs.
-CO2 exits the blood at lungs.
Step Three: Transport of Gases
o Blood will transfer O & CO2 around the body & from tissues.
Step Four: Internal Respiration
o Exchange of gas between circulatory system & organs of the body.
-O2 exits the blood & enters the tissue.
-CO2 exits the tissue & enters the blood.

Question 5

What are the additional functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 5

-Regulation of Blood pH
o By altering blood co2 levels the acidity or alkalinity level of the blood can alter= change in pH.
-Production of Chemical Mediators
o Lungs produce an enzyme which can assist with regulating blood pressure.
-Voice Production
o Sound & speech are made possible with air flowing
-Olfaction
o Sense of smell.
-Protection
o Can prevent some microorganisms from entering the body.

Question 6

What is the cavity, diaphragm and thoracic wall?

Answer 6

-Cavity
o	Space within the thoracic & diaphragm.
-Diaphragm
o	Skeletal muscle
-Separates the thoracic & abdominal cavity.
-Thoracic Wall
o	Thoracic Vertebra= 12
o	Ribs
o	Costal muscles
o	Sternum
o	Associated muscles

Question 7

What is ventilation assisted by?

Answer 7

-Ventilation (air movement) is assisted by the respiratory muscles.

Question 8

What is involved in inspiration and expiration?

Answer 8

Inspiration
o	Diaphragm
o	External intercostals
o	Pectoralis minor
o	Scalenes
o	Sternocleidomastoid
Expiration 
o	Internal intercostals
o	Abdominal muscles

Question 9

What do the lungs provide?

Answer 9

-Provides a large SA for gas exchange to occur
o Volume=4-6L
o 2400km of airway
o 960km of capillaries

Question 10

What is the pleura?

Answer 10

o Fluid Functions:

• Protection
• Acts as a lubricant allowing pleura to slide during breathing.
• The 2 pleura stick together thus parietal pleura sticks to thoracic wall & pulls the visceral pleura with it during inspiration.

Question 11

What is the Hilum?

Answer 11

o Allows entry & exit for the

• Primary Bronchi
• Pulmonary Arteries
• Pulmonary Veins

Question 12

What are the upper and lower structures of the respiratory tract?

Answer 12

-UPPER
o	External nose
o	Nasal cavity
o	Pharynx
o	Larynx
-LOWER
o	Trachea
o	Bronchi & Bronchioles
o	Lungs

Question 13

What is the functional characteristic of the respiratory tract?

Answer 13

-Conducting Zone
o	Anatomic dead space- air that fill non diffusing conducting portions.
o	Trachea
-Primary Bronchus
	-Bronchus
		-Bronchi
			-Bronchioles-Terminal Bronchioles
o	Purpose=Air Movement

Question 14

What organs are in the conducting zone, what are the functions of the nose and the larynx?

Answer 14

Nose= Air movement into the respiratory system.
Functions
-Passage for air
-Cleans the air
-Humidifies & warms the air
-Olfaction
-Voice sound
-Pharynx
-Digestive & respiratory system common opening.
-Larynx
o Passage for air between the pharynx & trachea
o Must remain open.
o 9 cartilages make up the outer casing= strong
-Epiglottis is one of the cartilages of the larynx

Question 15

What is the trachea, tracheobronchial tree and bronchodilation/constriction in the conducting zone?

Answer 15

-Trachea
-End of larynx to 5th thoracic vertebrae (10-12cm)
-Reinforcing the tube (anteriorly & laterally) are many C shaped cartilage band.
o For protection & opening
-Posterior to smooth muscle
o Can narrow diameter
-Mucous membrane
o Traps foreign objects
-Ciliated epithelium
o Moves mucous & debris out
-Tracheobronchial Tree
-Consists of the trachea & all other tubes in the lungs.
o Main bronchus
-Secondary bronchi (lobar bronchi)
-Tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi)
-Bronchioles
-Terminal bronchioles
-Ciliated epithelium= “mucus-cilia escalator”
-As the passageways get smaller there is less cartilage & more smooth muscle.
-Bronchodilation & Bronchoconstriction

Question 16

What are the conducting zone functions?

Answer 16

1. Air Transport
2. Humidification
3. Warming