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Human Physiology for Exercise Science > Lecture Eleven > Flashcards

Lecture Eleven Flashcards

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1
Q

What ages is adulthood (young, middle and older), what are the generations, what is ageing and senescence?

A
  • Adulthood = Age 20 to death
  • Young adulthood = 20-40 yrs
  • Middle Aged = 40-65 yrs
  • Older Adult = 65 yrs to death
  • Three generations:
  • 65-75
  • 75-85
  • 85+
  • Ageing = the process of ageing
  • Senescence = the process of deterioration with age
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2
Q

Why do we age?

A

o Our cells constantly divide to replace and build
-The chromosomes in those cells become damaged and deteriorate
-Therefore, our new cells are not what they used to be
o Free radical theory of ageing
-Free radicals can alter the structure of molecules
-Resulting in damage/dysfunction
o Decline of mitochondrial DNA
-Result in a decline in ATP production
o Immune system becomes less efficient
o Genetic traits
o Reduced ability to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the causes of ageing and the stages of it?

A 
-We do know it is: 
o	Complex and 
o	Multifactorial 
-Three stages of ageing: 
o	Basic homeostasis 
-e.g. body temp, pH 
o	Decrease in organ mass 
o	Decline in function 
-Behavioural adaptations
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4
Q

What does ageing do to arterial elasticity?

A 
-Reduction in arterial elasticity 
o	= increased stiffness of arteries and aorta 
= elevated aortic pressure 
= left ventricular hypertrophy
-Can cause an increase in increased
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5
Q

What does ageing do to cardiac tissue?

A

-Cardiac tissue
o Accumulation of lipids and collagen
= Increase in cardiac muscle stiffness and less compliant

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6
Q

What does ageing do to heart valves?

A

-Heart valves become less flexible
o Primarily the semilunar valves
= abnormal functioning

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7
Q

What does ageing do to SA nodes?

A

-SA node cells decrease

o Electrical activity alters

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8
Q

What does ageing do to heart rate?

A

-HR
o Maximum HR declines
-220 - age
-Response to epinephrine and norepinephrine declines

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9
Q

What does ageing do to stroke volume?

A

-SV
o Can decline due to heart being less compliant therefore less blood being ejected
o Can also stay the same

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10
Q

What does ageing do to cardiac output?

A

-CO

o Declines with age

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11
Q

What does ageing do to VO2?

A 
-VO2 
o	Declines from aged 50 
-Due to increased fat tissue 
-Decreased CO 
-Decrease in Physical activity
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12
Q

What does ageing do to the vital capacity in the respiratory system?

A 
-Vital capacity decreased 
o	Decreased ability to fill lungs 
-Inspiratory reserve volume decreases 
o	Decreased ability to empty lungs 
-Expiratory reserve volume decreases
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13
Q

What is the changes in vital capacity due to?

A

-Weakened respiratory muscles
-Decreased thoracic cavity compliance (ability to stretch and expand)
o Stiffening of cartilage and ribs

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14
Q

What does ageing do to the residual volume in the respiratory system?

A

-Residual volume increases
o Dead space increases
-Due to bronchioles and alveolar ducts expanding
-Loss of elasticity

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15
Q

What does ageing do to gas exchange, mucous & tidal volume in the respiratory system?

A

-Decreased gas exchange across respiratory membrane
o Alveolar walls are reduced (decreased surface area) and thickened
-Gradual rise in tidal volume
-Mucus builds up
o Cilia decrease in number and movement

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16
Q

What does ageing do to the urinary system?

A

-Kidneys decrease in size
-Amount of blood flowing through decreases
-Afferent and efferent arterioles twist and become irregular
-Glomeruli are destroyed
o By 80, 40% are not working
-Nephrons and collecting ducts structure alter by becoming shorter, thicker and irregular
-The ability to secrete and absorb declines = ability to produce concentrated urine declines
o Decreases ability to get rid of toxins
o Increased risk of dehydration
-Loss of responsiveness to ADH and Aldosterone
-Decreases in renin secretion

17
Q

What does ageing do to the digestive system?

A

-Thinning of the mucosa and submucosa
o Less mucous secreted
-Reduced protection from toxins from the outside
-Reduced ability of the liver to detoxify
-Susceptibility to infections
-Decrease in blood supply
-Decrease in smooth muscle cells
o Reduced mobility
-Less secretions from major secretory organs
-Muscles of mastication are weakened
o Less mechanical digestion

18
Q

What does ageing do to the endocrine system?

A
  • Gradual decrease in secretory activity in some glands

- This maybe secondary to a general decline in physical activity

19
Q

What does ageing do to growth hormone levels and thyroid hormone levels?

A
  • GH levels decrease - may explain the decline in muscle and bone mass in the elderly. Greater in those that don’t exercise.
  • Thyroid hormones decrease slightly – may be because of a decline in lean body mass. Damage by the immune system, due to aging, may also occur and cause a decline in T3 and T4 production.
20
Q

What does ageing do to parathyroid hormone and the thymus gland?

A
  • Increase in parathyroid hormone but reduced blood levels of Ca2+ due to reduced dietary intake = loss of bone matrix to maintain blood levels.
  • Thymus gland secretes thymosin = development and maturation of the immune system
  • Secretion decreases with age causing a reduced efficiency of the immune system and subsequent increase in susceptibility of infection
21
Q

What does ageing do to the skin?

A 
Integumentary System 
-Skin is easily damaged due to: 
o	Collagen decreases 
o	Epidermis thins 
-Skin sags and is wrinkled due to: 
o	Loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue 
o	Loss of dermis elastic fibres
22
Q

What does ageing do to thermoregulation?

A

-Sebaceous gland secretions decrease
-Reduced peripheral blood flow
o Reduced ability to regulate temperature
-Increased risk of heat exhaustion and illness

23
Q

What does ageing do to the sleep/wake cycle, what stimulates melatonin secretion and whats the response?

A

-Disturbed sleep patterns
o Possibly due to a decrease in melatonin
Melatonin
-Simulation
o A decrease in light entering the eyes
-Response
o Increase in Melatonin
o = inhibit GnRH and may regulate the sleep cycle
-Melatonin increased at night = helps us to sleep
-Melatonin decreased in the morning = helps us wake

Human Physiology for Exercise Science (14 decks)

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