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Honors HMO Anatomy > Lecture Test 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

List the types of Neurogial cells

A 
Astrocytes
Microglial Cells
Ependymal Cells
Olgiodendrocytes
Schwann Cells
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2
Q

What are the 3 cell types fond in the nervous system?

A

Schwann Cells, Neurons, Neuroglia

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3
Q

Function of Astrocytes?

A

Most abundant, support and brace neurons and anchor to nutrient supply, form the blood-brain barrier

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4
Q

Function of Microglial Cells?

A

Defensive cell

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5
Q

Function of Ependymal Cells?

A

Permeable barrier, circulates CSF

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6
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelin Sheath

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7
Q

Function of Schwann Cells?

A

Myelin Sheath of PNS, vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

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8
Q

Function of Neurons?

A

Responsive to stimuli and transmit electrical signal

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9
Q

Function of Neuroglia?

A

Support cells, surround and wrap more delicate neurons

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10
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

Clustered free ribosomes and rough ER

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11
Q

Neurofibrils

A

Bundles of intermediate filaments, maintain cell shape

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12
Q

Axoplasmic Transport

A

Movement of stuff to (Retrograde) and from (Anterograde) cell body

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13
Q

Cell Body

A

Biosynthetic center and receptive region

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14
Q

Axons

A

Conducting region of neuron

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15
Q

Dendrites

A

Main receptive and input regions (graded potentials toward cell body)

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16
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Protects and insulates fibers

Increases transmission speed of nerve impluses

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17
Q

Neurolemma

A

Outer layer of myelin sheath

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18
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Gaps between schwann cells

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19
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons

Increases conduction velocity

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20
Q

Fastest neuron speed, slowest neuron speed, what makes it fast?

A

150 m/s = Fastest
1 m/s = Slowest
Larger diameter of axon and more myelin sheaths make it faster

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21
Q

How does an action potential cross a synapse?

A
  • Action potential reaches presynaptic terminal
  • Voltage gated Ca++ channels open
  • Influx of Ca++
  • Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane (exocytosis)
  • Neurotransmitters released across synaptic cleft and diffuse to postsynaptic terminal
  • Causes Na+ channels to open and Na+ flows into postsynaptic membrane
  • If threshold is reached, then action potential is initiated
  • Neurotransmitter is broken down by specific enzymes in synaptic cleft
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22
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

A

Causes depolarization of the membrane and promotes action potential generation

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23
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A

Causes hyperpolarization and depresses action potential generation

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24
Q

One way Conduction

A

Refractory period ensures one way conduction.

Recovery period when Na+ channels hold to ‘recharge’

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25
Temporal summation
2 excitatory stimuli close in time cause EPSP's that add together
26
Spatial summation
2 simultaneous stimuli at different locations cause EPSP's that add together
27
Facilitation
Post synaptic potentials (EPSP's) evoked by an impulse are increased when that impulse closely follows a prior impulse
28
EPSP's
Allows Na+ and K+ to diffuse simultaneously in opposite directions. Helps trigger an action potential distally at the axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron
29
IPSP's
Reduces a postsynaptic neuron's ability to generate an action potential Hyperpolarized by making membrane more permeable to K+ and Cl-
30
Convergence
One neuron influenced by many others
31
Divergence
One neuron sending a signal to many others
32
Embryological development of the nervous system
Neural tube => Primary brain vesticles (Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain) => Secondary brain vesicles => Adult brain structures => Adult neural canal regions
33
Nerve
Bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord and impulses to the muscles and organs
34
Neuron
Specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses
35
Tract
Large bundle of nerve fibers
36
Ganglion
Structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies
37
Nucleus
Collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem associated with one or more cranial nerves
38
Gray Matter
Consists of mainly nerve cell bodies and dendrites
39
White Matter
Consists of mainly nerve fibers and their myelin sheaths
40
Three layers of protection for the brain
Bones, Meninges, and CSF
41
5 Major regions of the adult brain
``` Perietal Temporal Occipital Frontal Prefrontal Cortex ```
42
Function associated with Perietal Lobe
Touch
43
Function associated with Occipital Lobe
Vision, Charactures
44
Function associated with Temporal Lobe
Auditory/Smell/Taste | Auditory Association
45
Function associated with Frontal Lobe
Planning, Language | Muscles of Speech
46
Function associated with Prefrontal Cortex
Concept of Future/Past | Sense of Humor
47
Primary Motor
Posterior portion of frontal lobe (central sulcus)
48
Primary Sensory
Parietal Lobe (central sulcus)
49
Basal Nuclei
Island of gray matter deep in white matter | Intensity of movement
50
Internal Capsule
Impulses to and from spinal cord
51
Diencephalon
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
52
Limbic System
Both sides of thalamus | Emotion, Behavior, Motivation, Long-term memory
53
Mesencephalon
Corpora Quadrigemina, Tegmentum, Cerebral Aqueduct, and Cerebral Peduncles
54
Pons
Conduction Tracts; Bridge
55
Cerebellum
Timing and pattern for skeletal muscles (agility)
56
Medulla Oblongata
Cardiovascular and Respiratory
57
Reticular Formation
Filters out repetitive stimuli Regulates skeletal/visceral muscle Maintains cortical alertness
58
5 Basic Organizational Divisions of the Nervous System
- Receptor - Sensory Neuron - Interneurons - Motor Neuron - Effector
59
Monosynaptic reflex
Involves one synapse
60
Polysynaptic Reflex
Involves more than one synapse
61
Ipsilateral Reflex
Does not cross the spinal cord
62
Contralateral Reflex
Crosses the spinal cord
63
Tendon Reflex
Prevents putting more tension on a tendon than it can stand
64
Crossed Extensor Reflex
Extension of a limb on opposite side of body during withdraw reflex
65
Autonomic Nervous System Function
Regulate visceral activities
66
Sympathetic of ANS function?
Fight or Flight
67
Parasympathetic of ANS function?
Rest and Repose
68
Fiber that releases Acetylcholine of ANS?
Ganglia, cholinergic
69
Fiber that releases Norepinephrine of ANS?
Effectors of ANS, adrenergic
70
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic functions of the following organs/Tissues - Iris - Tears - Salivary Glands - Blood to Muscles - Heart Rate - Blood to Digestive
Organ/Tissue Sympathetic Parasympathetic Iris Dilation Constriction Tears None Tears Flow Salivary Glands Slows Increases Blood to M Increases None Heart Rate Increases Decreases Blood to D Decreases None
71
3 components of sensory unit
Receptor, Neural Pathway, Interpreting Center
72
Categories of Receptors?
``` Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Chemoreceptors Nocireceptors Photoreceptors Osmoreceptors ```
73
Adaptation
(Except Pain) If a Stimulus does not change, the impulses sent decreases
74
Projection
The brain makes us think a sensation is coming from an area that 1st felt the stimulus (Phantom Limb)
75
Touch
Free Nerve Endings Root Hair Plexuses Tactile Discs
76
Pressure
Light: Tactile/Meissiners corpuscles Deep: Lamellated/Palinian Corpuscles
77
Spinothalamic Tract
Sensory Data: PNS => Primary Sensory Cortex
78
Corticospinal Tract
Motor Data: Frontal Motor Cortex => Muscles
79
Types of Proprioceptors and Functions
Tendon Receptors: Tension Muscle Spindles: Tension and Stretch Joint Receptors: Joint Position
80
Papillae
Bumps on tongue
81
5 categories of taste
Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami

Honors HMO Anatomy (12 decks)

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