Lecture Test 2 Flashcards
Why is the sun a source of energy?
Plants store it’s radiant energy in the covalent bonds of monosaccharides
Where to we get energy to keep us alive?
Breaking C-C and C-H bonds
Catabolic
Reactions that break bonds
Anabolic
Reactions that make bonds
Oxidation
The loss of electrons by a molecule
Reduction
The gain of electrons by a molecule
ATP
Energy source of a cell
ATP = ADP + energy + PO4
ADP
Empty battery, Charged in mitochondria by cellular respiration
ADP + energy + PO4 = ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 =
6CO2 + 6H2O +38 ATP
Glycolysis
Happens in Cytoplasm
Glucose + 2NAD = 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP + 2NADH2
NAD functions
Pick up a pair of H atoms that are removed from glucose and takes them to the ETS for further processing.
Anaerobic; NADH2 used to reduce 2 pyruvic acids into lactic acid
Aerobic; in mitochondria 2 pyruvic acids attached to Coenzyme A to become acetyl CoA
NADH2 = 1H2O + 3ATP
Kreb’s Cycle
2 Acetyl CoA drop off an acetyl group and enzymes squeeze energy out
Acetyl group + Oxaloacetic Acid = Citric Acid
2 Acetyl CoA = 6NADH2 + 2FADH2 + 2 ATP + 4CO2
Formation of Acetyl CoA
In Mitocondria
2 Pyruvic Acids = 2 Acetyl CoA + 2NADH2 + 2CO2
Electron Transport System
Proton pumping = Chemiosmosis
Oxygen = terminal electron acceptor of ETS
10NADH2 + 2FADH2 + 4ATP = 10H2O + 38ATP
NADH2 and FADH2 lose H during ETS to become NAD and FAD
FAD functions
FADH2 = 1H2O + 2ATP
DNA bases
Double Stranded Polymer Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine
RNA bases
Single Stranded Polymer Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil
monomers of DNA and RNA
called nucleotides -phosphate: PO4 -sugar: deoxyribose(DNA), ribose(RNA) -bases AGCT(DNA), AGCU(RNA) sugar phosphate backbone with bases sticking out
DNA replication
During S phase
- DNA unwinds/unzips
- Exposed bases attract their opposites
- DNA polymerase polymerizes new nucleotides to form new strand held to old strand by H bonds, new sugar-phosphate backbone held together by covalent bonds
DNA
-stores instructions for manufacture of all proteins
Gene
Code for 1 protien
Transcription
process of RNA copying off a DNA template
RNA Transcription
- DNA unwinds (1 side transcribed)
- Nucleotides base pair
- RNA polymerase covalently links sugar-phosphate backbone to form a strand of RNA
3 types of RNA
mRNA: The plan, actual instruction for particular protein, made in nucleus of eukaryotes and travels to cytoplasm to work
tRNA: Amino acid bringer, small piece that brings amino acids to the ribosome, has anticodon
rRNA: Part of the assembler, structural part of the ribosome