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A&P > Lecture Test 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the sun a source of energy?

A

Plants store it’s radiant energy in the covalent bonds of monosaccharides

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2
Q

Where to we get energy to keep us alive?

A

Breaking C-C and C-H bonds

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3
Q

Catabolic

A

Reactions that break bonds

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4
Q

Anabolic

A

Reactions that make bonds

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5
Q

Oxidation

A

The loss of electrons by a molecule

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6
Q

Reduction

A

The gain of electrons by a molecule

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7
Q

ATP

A

Energy source of a cell

ATP = ADP + energy + PO4

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8
Q

ADP

A

Empty battery, Charged in mitochondria by cellular respiration
ADP + energy + PO4 = ATP

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9
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 =

A

6CO2 + 6H2O +38 ATP

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10
Q

Glycolysis

A

Happens in Cytoplasm

Glucose + 2NAD = 2 pyruvic acid + 2 ATP + 2NADH2

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11
Q

NAD functions

A

Pick up a pair of H atoms that are removed from glucose and takes them to the ETS for further processing.
Anaerobic; NADH2 used to reduce 2 pyruvic acids into lactic acid
Aerobic; in mitochondria 2 pyruvic acids attached to Coenzyme A to become acetyl CoA
NADH2 = 1H2O + 3ATP

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12
Q

Kreb’s Cycle

A

2 Acetyl CoA drop off an acetyl group and enzymes squeeze energy out
Acetyl group + Oxaloacetic Acid = Citric Acid
2 Acetyl CoA = 6NADH2 + 2FADH2 + 2 ATP + 4CO2

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13
Q

Formation of Acetyl CoA

A

In Mitocondria

2 Pyruvic Acids = 2 Acetyl CoA + 2NADH2 + 2CO2

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14
Q

Electron Transport System

A

Proton pumping = Chemiosmosis
Oxygen = terminal electron acceptor of ETS
10NADH2 + 2FADH2 + 4ATP = 10H2O + 38ATP
NADH2 and FADH2 lose H during ETS to become NAD and FAD

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15
Q

FAD functions

A

FADH2 = 1H2O + 2ATP

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16
Q

DNA bases

A 
Double Stranded Polymer
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
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17
Q

RNA bases

A 
Single Stranded Polymer
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
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18
Q

monomers of DNA and RNA

A 
called nucleotides
-phosphate: PO4
-sugar: deoxyribose(DNA), ribose(RNA)
-bases AGCT(DNA), AGCU(RNA)
sugar phosphate backbone with bases sticking out
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19
Q

DNA replication

A

During S phase

  1. DNA unwinds/unzips
  2. Exposed bases attract their opposites
  3. DNA polymerase polymerizes new nucleotides to form new strand held to old strand by H bonds, new sugar-phosphate backbone held together by covalent bonds
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20
Q

DNA

A

-stores instructions for manufacture of all proteins

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21
Q

Gene

A

Code for 1 protien

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22
Q

Transcription

A

process of RNA copying off a DNA template

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23
Q

RNA Transcription

A
  1. DNA unwinds (1 side transcribed)
  2. Nucleotides base pair
  3. RNA polymerase covalently links sugar-phosphate backbone to form a strand of RNA
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24
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA: The plan, actual instruction for particular protein, made in nucleus of eukaryotes and travels to cytoplasm to work

tRNA: Amino acid bringer, small piece that brings amino acids to the ribosome, has anticodon

rRNA: Part of the assembler, structural part of the ribosome

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25
Q

Exons

A

when mRNA is spliced, the sections that are kept

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26
Q

Introns

A

whne mRNA is spliced, the sections that are removed

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27
Q

Codon

A

mRNA base code for each amino acid

the one that attaches directly to DNA

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28
Q

Anticodon

A

tRNA base code

the one that attaches to the mRNA

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29
Q

Epithelia Location

A

cover all body surfaces and line all body cavities.

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30
Q

Epithelia Structure

A
  1. has a free side and tissue side
  2. Basement membrane between epithelia and next tissue
  3. packed tight, epithelial cells touch
  4. No blood vessels, receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue
  5. Mitotically active, they divide alot
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31
Q

Epithelia Function

A

Varies with type and location

protect, secrete, absorb, excrete, some act as sensory receptors

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32
Q

Epithelia Classifications

A

Shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Layers: simple, stratified, pseudostratified

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33
Q

Simple Squamous

A

Function: allow diffusion and filtration
Location: alveoli, blood vessels, kidneys, serous membranes

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34
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

Function: Secretion, Absorption
Location: ducts of glands, kidneys

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35
Q

Simple Columnar

A

Function: protection, secretion(goblet cells), absorption(microvilli aide absorption)
Location: digestive tract from stomach to rectum, uterus

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36
Q

Ciliated simple columnar

A

Function: Goblet cells make mucous, cilia move them
Location: Uterine/Fallopian tubes

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37
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A

Function: Protection, secretion(goblet cells), movement of mucous
Location: respiratory system

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38
Q

Stratified squamous

A

2 types: Keratinized(outer layer of skin) and Mucousal (mouth, throat)

Function: protection

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39
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Stretched: looks like stratified squamous
Relaxed: looks like stratified cuboidal

Function: lets organs stretch, protects from urine

Location: bladder, ureters, part of urethra

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40
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

Cells that make up glands

Function: secrete

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41
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete outside or into body cavities
Merocrine, Apocrine, Holocrine

i.e. sweat glands, digestive glands, salivary glands

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42
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete into the blood stream or tissue fluids

i.e. adrenal glands, ovaries

43
Q

Merocrine

A

Exocrine secretion by exocytosis

44
Q

Apocrine

A

Exocrine secretion by accumulating in apical portion of cell and pinching it off

45
Q

Holocrine

A

Exocrine secretion by cell filling with product and dying, breaking open and dumping product

46
Q

General characterisitics of Connective Tissue

A

Cells don’t touch
Space between is matrix
Matrix composed of fibers
Between fibers is ground substance
Good blood supply (exceptions: regular fibrous - poor, cartilage -none)
mitotically active (exceptions - ones with poor blood supply)

47
Q

Fibrous types of Connective Tissues

A

Areolar, Adipose, Reticular, Elastic, Fibrous

48
Q

Fibroblasts

A

secrete the matrix and grow the fibers

49
Q

Macrophage

A

phagocytize debris and foreign invaders

50
Q

Mast Cells

A

initiate allergic reactions and inflammation (histamine)

51
Q

Adipocytes

A

Fat cells

52
Q

Chondroblast/Chondrocyte

A

Makes and maintains cartilage

53
Q

Osteoblast/Osteocytes

A

make and maintains bones

54
Q

Collagen

A

Fiber strong and inelastic, secreted by fibroblasts, pink and wavy

55
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Fibers that are stretchy and flexible

Secreted by fibroblasts, stain dark purple, bacon wavy

56
Q

Ground Substance

A

Stuff between fibers, include:

Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate, Calcium salts

57
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A

Function: binds organs together, highway for WBC’s

Locations: Subcutaneous layer, between muscles, under almost all epithelia

58
Q

Adipose

A

Function: insulation, protection(shock absorber), energy storage

Location: Everywhere

59
Q

Regular Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

Function: Strong inelastic connections

Location: Tendons and Ligaments

60
Q

Irregular Fibrous Connective Tissue

A

Function: tough inelastic membrane

Location: Dermis

61
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

Function: elastic connective tissue

Location: vocal cords, walls of arteries, parts of lungs

62
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

Function: acts as a stroma (structural component of an organ)

Location: Liver, Spleen, Lymph Nodes

63
Q

General Characteristics of Cartilage

A

Matrix = Chondroitin sulfate + fibers
Chondrocytes occupy lacuna (hole)
No direct blood supply
Surrounded by fibrous connective tissue (perichondrium = blood supply for chondrocytes)
Semi-rigid for support, protection, model for bone growth, form attachment sites

64
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Function: cushion, support, model for bone growth

Location: tip of nose, ends of bones

65
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Function: elastic support

Location: ear, epiglottis

66
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Function: work as a shock-absorbing pad

Location: intervertebral disk, knee

67
Q

General Characterisitics of Bone

A

Most rigid Connective Tissue
Fibers - collagen
Ground substance - calcium salts
Functions: support, protection, movement, blood cell formation, storage of minerals (Ca)

68
Q

Lamellae

A

Layers of bone

69
Q

Osteonic Canal

A

Central canal of bone that supplies blood

70
Q

canaliculi

A

small canals that connect osteocytes for quick movement of gases and nutrients

71
Q

General Characterisitics of Blood

A

Structure: RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets, with a matrix of plasma

Function: transport and disease protection

72
Q

Neurons

A

Type of nervous tissue cell, cytoplasmic processes up to 3 feet long

Function: iriitability and conduction

73
Q

Neuroglial

A

Type of nervous tissue cell, not irritable and does not conduct

74
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Structure: simple squamous over loose connective tissue

Function: secretes serous fluid (lubricant full of water and hyaluronic acid)

Location: lines all subdivisions of ventral body cavity that don’t have outside openings

75
Q

Mucous Membranes

A

Structure: epithelia over loos connective

Function: absorption, secretion, protection, disease prevention

Location: all major body cavities that open to the outside

76
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Structure: keratinized stratified squamous over irregular fibrous connective

Function: 1. Protection against dehydration, infection, mechanical damage, UV radiation

  1. sensory organ
  2. regulates body temp
  3. makes Vit. D
77
Q

Synovial Membranes

A

Structure: mix of loose connective backed by fibrous connective, secretes excess ground substance

Function: secrete synovial fluid (lubricant full of hyaluronic acid)

Location: lining the joint capsule

78
Q

Thick skin

A

on palms and soles of feet

79
Q

Stratum Basale

A

Basement membrane closest to dermis
Single Layer of Keratinocytes
Best access to nutrients, actively divide

80
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Layer above stratum Basale

Begin filling with keratin fibers

81
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

Dying cells between Stratum Spinosum and Stratum Corneum (or Stratum Lucidum if thick skin)

82
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Only on thick skin

Between Stratum Granulosum and Stratum Corneum

83
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

Above Stratum Granulosum (or Stratum Lucidum on thick skin)
Dead keratinized cells held together by desmosomes
Tough waterproof barrier

84
Q

Desquamation

A

old cells shedding from stratum corneum (exfoliation)

85
Q

Melanocytes

A

In epidermis next to basement membrane
Produce melanin secreted by exocytosis
Melanin absorbed by keratinocytes, acts as natural sunscreen

86
Q

Epidermal Dendritic Cells

A

Scouts for immune system

87
Q

Tactile Cells

A

Sensory receptors for light touch

88
Q

Dermis

A

Composed of irregular dense fibrous connective tissue

89
Q

Papillary Layer

A

upper layer of dermis

90
Q

Tactile Corpuscles

A

Contained in ridges of papillary layer and respond to light touch

91
Q

Reticular Layer

A

Bottom layer of dermis, network of collagen and elastic fibers

92
Q

Factors of skin color

A
  1. Melanin (shades of yellow/red and brown/black)
  2. Carotene: from diet a precursor of Vit. A
  3. Blood
  4. Collagen: refracts light
93
Q

Lunula

A

Half Moon at base of fingernail, growth occurs until end of lunula

94
Q

Eponychium

A

Cuticle

95
Q

Eccrine Gland

A

Merocrine type of gland
Secretion controlled by nervous system

Secrete: water, NaCl, Urea

96
Q

Apocrine

A

Axillia and Groin region
Ducts empty into hair shafts
Don’t kick in until puberty
Controlled by nervous system and respond to stress

Secrete: water, NaCl, urea, lipid, protein

97
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Secretes Sebum by holocrine secretion

blackheads, lanolin

98
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

secrete earwax (natrual bug repellant and antibacterial)

99
Q

Mammary Glands

A

Giant specialized sweat glands

100
Q

Minor Skin Healing

A

increasing division rate of stratum basale

101
Q

Major Skin Healing

A

Inflamation: Forms clot, fights infection
Repair/Migratory Phase: Scab, epidermis repairs from edges in, fibroblasts repair
Done/Maturation Phase: Scab falls off, dermis and epidermis finish

102
Q

Types of Burns

A

1st degree: Epidermis (sunburn)
2nd degree: Dermis (red and blistered)
3rd degree: Subcutaneous layer

103
Q

Problems with Burns

A 
Massive loss of fluids
Shock
Renal Failure
Infection
Inability to regulate body temp

A&P (11 decks)

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