Lecture Test 2: 19-21

Question 0

What is lymph transport propelled by?

Answer 0

Pulsations of nearby arteries!

Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics.

One way system, Lymph flows toward the heart!

Question 1

Functions of the Lymphatic system?

Answer 1

1. ) Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood.
2. ) W/ lymphoid organs and tissues, they provide structural basis of immune system.

Question 2

What are the lymphoid organs?

Answer 2

1. ) Tonsils
2. ) Thymus
3. ) Spleen
4. ) Peyer’s Patches
5. ) Appendix
6. ) lymph nodes

Question 3

What are the 2 basic functions of lymph nodes? (The principal lymphoid organ)

Answer 3

Filtration and

Immune system activation!

Question 4

Function of the spleen, and when is it the most active?

Answer 4

Largest lymph organ.

Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.

Cleanses the blood of aged cells, platelets and debris.

Question 5

What are the functions of the Thymus and when is it most active?

Answer 5

Size changes with age.
Functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation.
Most active during childhood.

Question 6

What is the simplest lymphoid organ?

Answer 6

Tonsils. 
Named according to location. 
Palatine 
Lingual 
Pharyngeal 
Tubal 

They gather and remove any pathogens entering the pharynx in food or inhaled air.

Question 7

What are Peyer’s Patches?

Answer 7

Clusters of lymphoid follicles. In the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine.
Destroy bacteria preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall.

(Similar structures in the appendix)

Question 8

MALT ?

Answer 8

=Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid  Tissues. 
Largest collections of MALT: 
Tonsils 
Peyer's patches 
appendix 
Lymphoid nodules

Protects the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter.

Question 9

Appendix functions and relationship what other lymphatic organs?

Answer 9

First part of large intestines and contains high concentration of lymphoid follicles.
Like Peyer’s patches it is in ideal position;
1) to destroy bacteria before they break through wall
2) generate many “memory” lymphocytes for long term immunity.

Question 10

Distribution of lymphatic vessels:

The right lymphatic duct.

Answer 10

Drains lymph from the right arm

and right side of the upper body.

Question 11

Distribution of lymphatic vessels:

Thoracic duct.

Answer 11

Receives lymph from the rest of the body.

These ducts empty into the blood vascular system at the inter-jugular and subclavian veins

Question 12

Hassalls corpuscles are found in the thymus (inner medulla). Which cells mature in this corpuscles and what is its function?

Answer 12

T lymphocytes.

Help prevent auto immune disease!

Question 13

Circulation of lymph nodes:

Efferent lymphatic vessels

Answer 13

Lymph Exits the node via this vessel

Fewer of these causing flow of lymph to stagnate (slow down) allowing lymphocytes and macrophages time to carry out functions.

Question 14

Circulation in the lymph nodes:

Afferent lymphatic vessels

Answer 14

Lymph enters the node via these vessels.

Question 15

Circulation in the lymph nodes?

3 steps

Answer 15

• Enters via Afferent lymphatic vessels
• Travels through large subcapsular sinus.
• exits the node via efferent vessels

*Fewer efferent vessels to allow functions to carry out! ( slow things down)

Question 16

19. What is Blood pressure (BP)?

Answer 16

Force per unit area exerted on the wall on a blood vessel.

Expressed in mm and Hg

Question 17

19. Percentage of distribution in blood;

Systemic arteries and arterioles %?
Veins and venules %?

Answer 17

15%
And
60%

Question 18

19. Percentage of distribution of blood:

Pulmonary blood vessels %?
Heart %?
Capillaries %?

Answer 18

12%
8%
5%

Question 19

19. What is resistance (peripheral resistance) ?

Answer 19

• Opposition to flow
• measure of the amount of friction blood encounters
• generally encountered in the peripheral systemic circulation.

Question 20

19. Three important sources of resistance?

Answer 20

1. Blood viscosity. “Stickiness”
2. Blood vessel length (longer the greater resistance)
3. Blood vessel diameter (varies inversely if radius is doubled then resis. Is decreased by 1/16th )

Question 21

19. Systemic pressure

Answer 21

• highest in the aorta
• declines throughout the pathway
• is Omm Hg in the right atrium

Question 22

19. Regarding systemic BP where do the steepest drops occur?

Answer 22

The arterioles

Question 23

How do we maintain BP?

Answer 23

Cooperation of the heart, blood vessels and kidneys along with supervision by the brain.

Question 24

Where does diffusion of gases & nutrients between blood & interstitial fluid occur ?

Answer 24

Capillaries

Question 25

19. Systolic pressure

Answer 25

BP during ventricular CONTRACTION.
First heart beat sound heard.
Normal range is about 120.

Question 26

19. Diastolic pressure.

Answer 26

BP during ventricular RELAXATION.
Is the sound in BP test heard when releasing pressure.
Normal range is about 80.

Question 27

19. BP is determined by what ?

Answer 27

Cardiac output ( blood flow of left ventricle) - CO
Blood volume
& peripheral resistance

Question 28

19. Blood viscosity

Answer 28

Amount of formed elements within the blood. (Blood thickness)

Question 29

19. How does capillary exchange occur?

Answer 29

The process like diffusion, filtration and reabsorption.

Question 30

19. Colloid ( osmotic ) pressure

Answer 30

Puts fluids back into the capillary e.g. reabsorption at the end of the venous capillary.

Question 31

19. Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 31

Drives fluids out of capillary e.g. Filtration at the end of the arterial capillary.

Question 32

21. The two specific immune responses that fall under the specific or adaptive immune system?

Answer 32

Humoral response
&
Cellular immune response

Question 33

Function of MALT.?

Answer 33

To guard against pathogens in and around the mucous membrane