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AP 112 Lab > Bio Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Functions of the respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Nasopharynx

A

Passageway for air

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1
Q

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Nose.

A

Cleanses, moistens and warms air.

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2
Q

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Sinuses

A

Frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid: warms air

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3
Q

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Oropharynx:

A

Passageway for food and air

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4
Q

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Laryngopharynx

A

Voice production

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5
Q

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Epiglottis

A

Guardian of the airways.

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6
Q

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Larynx

A

True and False vocal folds

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7
Q

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Trachea

A

Passageway for air.

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8
Q

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Cilia

A

Move mucus, dust etc.

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9
Q

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Terminal Bronchus

A

Air passage

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10
Q

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Alveoli

A

Gas exchange

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11
Q

Functions of respiratory tract…organs/tissues/cells:

Type II alveolar cells

A

Produces surfactant to keep water molecules apart.

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12
Q

What is the role of macrophages in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Clean up after cilia

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13
Q

Know the anatomical difference between the right and left bronchus ?

A

A. The right is bigger and more vertical

B. Left is horizontal

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14
Q

What is the function of the respiratory and conduction zones?

A

Conduction: to warm and cleanse the air

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15
Q

Know the blood supply and venous drainage of the lungs.

A

A. Bronchial artery: supplies the lungs with oxygenated blood.
B. Bronchial vein: drains the lungs of deoxygenated blood.

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16
Q

What are the muscles of respiration?

A 
External intercostals 
Internal intercostals 
Diaphragm 
Sternocleidomastoid 
Abdominals
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17
Q

Know voice production.

A

Opening and closing of the glottis via the false and true vocal cords.

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18
Q

What secretes surfactant? What cell in the respiratory zone produces surfactant? What is its role in decreasing surface tension?

A

A. Type II alveolar cells releases surfactant

B. Surfactant keeps the airways open by reducing surface tension by keeping water particles apart.

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19
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

P1 V1= P2 V2

Gas pressure varies inversely with volume.

20
Q

What is intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure?

A

A. intrapulmonary: pressure within the lungs.

B. Intrapleural: pressure within the pleural cavity, always negative.

21
Q

Know what will impair the ability of getting oxygen to the tissues.

A 
Thin respiratory membrane.
Abnormal hemoglobin 
Low Pp of O2 in elevation 
Blocked circulation 
CO
22
Q

Know and understand ventilation/ perfusion coupling. What’s do the arterioles do when ventilation is high or low?

A

A. Arterioles dialate when there is a lot of O2 and then constrict when it is low
B. Ventilation: the amount of gas reaching the alveoli.
C. Perfusion: blood flow reaching the alveoli.

23
Q

Know the non-respiratory gas movements.

A 
Cough 
Crying 
Sneeze 
Laughing
Hiccups 
Yawns
24
Q

Know how CO2 is transported or carried in blood. What percentage is carried as bicarbonate, dissolved in gas, carried on globin? Where and how do we convert CO2 to bicarbonate?

A

A. Co2 travels on globin portion of hemoglobin.
B. 70% is carried as bicarbonate.
C. We convert co2 to bicarbonate when combined with H2o in blood plasma.

25
Q

Why is carbon monoxide lethal to us ?

A

It has high affinity to O2

26
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Know the 6 essential digestive processes of digestion.

A 
Ingestion
Mechanical digestion 
Propulsion 
Chemical digestion 
Absorption
Defecation
27
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Know the function of mesentary.

A

A. Anchors small intestines to the back of the abdominal wall
B. Route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, for small intestines
C. Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum

28
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Know the +function and content of saliva.

A

97-99.5% h2o, the rest is enzymes, amylase, antibacterial compounds lysosomes, electrolytes and mucus

29
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Where do we start digesting starch/ carbohydrates?

A

In the oral cavity due to amylase.

30
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

What is amylase?

A

Enzyme that breaks down starch/carbs

31
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Know the chemicals that influence the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCI) into the stomach.

A

HCI secretion is activated by pepsinogen which are secreted by chief cells .
HCI is also hindered by gastrin,secreted by the G-cells of the gastric enteroendocrine cells.
gastrin stimulates secretion of the histamines which can hinder HCI secretion

32
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

What is the role of HCI in food digestion?

A

HCI denatures the proteins being digested,breaking them down into amino acids. Overall, aids in the breakdown of foods.

33
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Know the cells of the gastric gland. Parietal and chief cell. What do they produce?

A

Parietal cells- secrete HCI found in the fundus of the stomach.
Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

When both HCI and pepsinogen combine they create pepsin.

34
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Know the 6 essential digestive processes of digestion.

A 
Ingestion
Mechanical digestion 
Propulsion 
Chemical digestion 
Absorption
Defecation
35
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Know the function of mesentary.

A

A. Anchors small intestines to the back of the abdominal wall
B. Route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, for small intestines
C. Mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum

36
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Know the +function and content of saliva.

A

97-99.5% h2o, the rest is enzymes, amylase, antibacterial compounds lysosomes, electrolytes and mucus

37
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Where do we start digesting starch/ carbohydrates?

A

In the oral cavity due to amylase.

38
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

What is amylase?

A

Enzyme that breaks down starch/carbs

39
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Know the chemicals that influence the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCI) into the stomach.

A

HCI secretion is activated by pepsinogen which are secreted by chief cells .
HCI is also hindered by gastrin,secreted by the G-cells of the gastric enteroendocrine cells.
gastrin stimulates secretion of the histamines which can hinder HCI secretion

40
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

What is the role of HCI in food digestion?

A

HCI denatures the proteins being digested,breaking them down into amino acids. Overall, aids in the breakdown of foods.

41
Q

Chapter 23 Digestive.

Know the cells of the gastric gland. Parietal and chief cell. What do they produce?

A

Parietal cells- secrete HCI found in the fundus of the stomach.
Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

When both HCI and pepsinogen combine they create pepsin.

42
Q

Chapter 25 Renal System.

Functions of the kidney…

A

Remove from blood: toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ions

Regulate in blood: volume, chemical composition, and pH

43
Q

Chapter 25 Renal System.

Functional unit of the kidney…

A

Nephrons are the structural and functional units in the kidney’s that forms urine; maintains body fluid osmolarity.

Over 1 million per kidney.
Two parts:
Glomerulus ( tuft of capillaries)
And renal tubule ( bowmans capsule) surrounding it.

Normal osmolarity: 280-300 osmolarity/kg

44
Q

Chapter 25 Renal System.

Different specialized cells in the Juxtaglomerular apparatus and functions…

A

Granular cells: mechanoreceptors in the afferent arteriole.

Macula densa cells: chemoreceptors for NaCl
Mesangial cells: help macula densa and granular cells communicate

Mesangial= messenger!

45
Q

Chapter 25 Renal System.

What is GFR?

A

Glomerular filtration rate.

120-125 ml filtration/min on average

46
Q

Chapter 25 Renal System.

How much urine do we produce each day ?

A

1-2 liters

47
Q

Chapter 25 Renal System.

What forces influence glomerular filtration rate? (GFR)

A

Surface area
Hydrostatic pressure (NFP?)
Membrane permeability

48
Q

Chapter 25 Renal System.

How do the kidney’s respond to low pH?

A

Rids of hydrogen ions and retains HCO3

AP 112 Lab (6 decks)

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