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AP 112 Lab > Ch 21 Immune System > Flashcards

Ch 21 Immune System Flashcards

0
Q

The adaptive defense system

A

(Specific) more elite fighting source.
High tech weapons to attack foreign substances.
Bodies third line of defense.
Takes more time than the innate defenses.

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1
Q

The innate defense system

A

(Nonspecific)
1st line of defense : external body membranes
2nd line of defense: internal defenses like antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes and other fighting cells.
hallmark ex. is inflammation.

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2
Q

Innate surface barrier defenses.

A

Skin and mucous membranes!

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3
Q

Innate (internal) defense cells/ defenses.

A 
Phagocytes 
NK cells 
Inflammation 
Antimicrobial proteins 
Fever
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4
Q

Adaptive immune system cells / defenses.

A

Humoral immunity: B cells

Cellular immunity: T cells

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5
Q

Four Cardinal signs of acute inflammation!

A 
Redness 
Heat 
Swelling 
Pain 
 *5th is impairment of function.
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6
Q

Phagocytes

A

Pathogens that get through the skin or mucosae into the underlying connective tissue are confronted by phagocytes .
(Phago= eat )

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7
Q

Phagocyte mobilization stages

A
  1. Leukocytosis
  2. Margination
  3. Diapedesis
  4. Chemotaxis
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8
Q

Natural killer (NK) cells

A

Promote apoptosis (cell suicide) by directly attacking virus-infected or cancerous body cells.

Do not form memory cells.

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9
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Prevents injurious agents from spreading to adjacent tissues!
Disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells.
Released inflammatory chemicals attract phagocytes to the area.
Promotes tissue repair!

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10
Q

Antimicrobial proteins

A

Interferons- proteins released by virus infected cells and lymphocytes act as chemical messengers to protect uninfected tissues from viral takeover.

Complement- bloodborne proteins that enhance phagocytosis by opsonization and intensify inflammatory and other immune responses

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11
Q

The adaptive immune system involves what three crucial types of cells?

A

Two distinct populations of lymphocytes

B cells
T cells
And
APC’s-> antigen-presenting cells

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12
Q

B cells

A

Adaptive immune system cell

Oversee Humoral immunity.

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13
Q

T cells

A

Adaptive immune system cell.

Are non-antibody producing lymphocytes that constitute the cellular arm of adaptive immunity.

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14
Q

APC’s

A

Adaptive immune system cell
‘Antigen-presenting cells’

Do not respond to specific antigens as lymphocytes do.

Instead they play essential auxiliary roles.

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15
Q

Which type of immunity are macrophages?

A

Both.

Innate and adaptive immune system.

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16
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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17
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow, and further differentiate at secondary sites.

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18
Q

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?

A 
IgM 
IgD
IgG
IgE
IgA
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19
Q

Phagocytic cells involved in innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages

20
Q

Adaptive immune system is ….. -Specific?

A

Pathogen

21
Q

Number of steps involved in adaptive immunity?

A

Two.
Pathogen recognition
Effector response

22
Q

What system develops memory cells?

A

Adaptive immune system

23
Q

Origins of B and T cells

A
  • Produced in bone marrow.
  • Immature T cells enter thymus which trains them how to recognize cancer cells and matures the T cells.
  • 8-10 days circulation .
24
Q

CD8

A

Cells - cytotoxic/ killer T
- destroy host cells harboring
Anything foreign.

25
Q

CD4

A
  • Helper T cells
  • modulate activities of other immune cells
  • secrete chemicals that amp. The activity of other immune cells including B cell growth factor, T cell growth factor and macrophage- migration inhibition factor.
26
Q

Immediate hypersensitivity

A

-Within 20 mins of exposure
- antibody-mediated immunity against the allergen
-involves: B cells IgE antibodies, mast cells, basophils, histamine,slow-reactive substance of anaphylaxis, eosinophil chemical factor
-allergies commonly involved :
Hay fever, hives, asthma, anaphylactic shock in ext. cases.

27
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity

A
  • within 1-3 days
  • cell med immunity against allergen T cells.
  • contact allergies such as those to poison ivy, cosmetics, and cleaning products.
28
Q

Pyrogens

A

Substance that induces fever along with inflammatory response.

29
Q

Helper T cells

A

Cells whose role is to secrete cytokines to activate B and cytotoxic T cells.

30
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes in vertebrates?

A

B lymphocytes; (b cells) proliferate in bone marrow.

T lymphocytes (t cells) mature in thymus. Circulate through the blood and lymph, both recognize particular microbes.

31
Q

What are antigens?

A

Foreign molecules that elicit a response by lymphocytes. B&T cells recognize them by specific receptors imbedded in their plasma membranes.

32
Q

What is neutralization?

A

Antibodies bind the pathogens surface proteins, which prevents it from entering and infecting cells.

33
Q

Killer T cells

A

Cytotoxic, releases chemicals to induce death of a viral infected cell.

34
Q

Helper T cell

A

Help B cells to recognize foreign agents

35
Q

Memory T cells

A

Remembers pathogens and makes more T cells when infected

36
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes

37
Q

Fever

A

Elevated body temperature, high body temperature increases the activity of phagocytes

38
Q

Passive immunity

A

Immunity passed from a mother to a child through breast milk.

39
Q

One receptor recognizes pathogen in adaptive immunity, what will proliferate and differentiate?

A

Only the lymphocytes that have that receptor

40
Q

Plasma cells

A

B cells can become these types of cells that produce antibodies.

41
Q

Difference between primary and secondary immune responses

A

Primary : body is first exposed to the antigen, lymphocyte is activated.

Secondary: same antigen is encountered at a later time. It is faster and and of greater magnitude. Body is on high alert for it.

42
Q

What is immunocompetence ?

A

Each lymphocyte must be able to to recognize its own specific antigen by binding to it. That ability is called immunocompetence.

43
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Or antibody-mediated immunity.
Provided by the antibodies present in the ‘humors’ or fluids ( blood, lymph etc.) though they are produced by lymphocytes, antibodies circulate freely in the blood and lymph where they bind to targets such as ;
Bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses inactivating them temporarily and marking them for destruction by phagocytes or complement.

44
Q

Cellular immunity

A

When lymphocytes themselves rather than antibodies defend the body.
It’s cellular target include; virus infected or parasite-infected tissue cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts. Can encounter these cells both directly(killing them) and indirectly ( releasing chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response or active other lymphocytes or macrophages.

45
Q

Major type of cells acting as APC’s …

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B lymphocytes

46
Q

What does a helper T cell need for growth and division (proliferation) ?

A

Primarily –>Cytokines and then interleukin 2 (IL-2) but just for fast division.

47
Q

Cytotoxic T cells do what ?

A

Or CD8 cells are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells.

AP 112 Lab (6 decks)

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