Lecture Test #2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is compliance?
A
Ability of pulmonary tissues to stretch
2
Q
What is hypoxia?
A
Absence of oxygen in the tissues
3
Q
What is pleurisy?
A
Inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs
4
Q
What is surfactant?
A
-mixture of lipids and proteins that lines the air sacs in the lungs
-reduces surface tension
5
Q
What is ventilation?
A
Movement of air into and out of lungs
6
Q
What is external respiration?
A
Gas exchange between air in lungs and blood
7
Q
What is internal respiration?
A
Gas exchange between the blood and tissues
8
Q
What does the upper tract consist of?
A
-nose
-pharynx
-larynx
9
Q
What does the upper tract do?
A
-warms, filters, and humidifies air
-conduction of air
10
Q
What does the lower tract consist of?
A
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveoli
11
Q
What does the lower tract do?
A
-conduction of air
-gas exchange
12
Q
What are the respiratory system functions?
A
- Gas exchange
- Regulation of blood pH
- Voice production
- Olfaction (smelling)
- Protection
13
Q
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx (AKA throat)?
A
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
14
Q
What is another word for larynx?
A
Voice box
15
Q
What does the larynx consist of?
A
-glottis
-epiglottis
16
Q
What is the glottis?
A
The vocal cords and opening between them
17
Q
What is the epiglottis?
A
Elastic cartilage that guards glottis, prevents food and drink from entering the respiratory tract
18
Q
What is another name for the trachea?
A
Windpipe
19
Q
What does the trachea do?
A
Connects the larynx to the primary bronchi
(Ventral to esophagus)
20
Q
What is carina?
A
-point of bifurcation (separates left and right bronchi)
-sensitive to irritation and inhaled objects initiate cough
21
Q
Pathway of airflow
A
- Nose —>
- Pharynx —>
- Larynx —>
- Trachea —>
- Bronchi —>
- Bronchioles —>
- Terminal bronchioles —>
- Respiratory bronchioles —>
- Alveolar ducts —>
- Alveoli
22
Q
What are alveoli?
A
tiny air sacs located at the ends of the bronchioles
23
Q
What are alveoli responsible for?
A
gas exchange between the lungs and the bloodstream
24
Q
What is alveoli made of?
A
Simple squamous epithelium surrounded by blood capillaries
25
What is the function of the lungs?
-air distribution
-gas exchange
26
What is the base of the lung?
Bottom
27
What is the apex of the lung?
Top
28
What is the hilum of the lung?
Entry point
29
How many lobes are on the left lung?
2 (upper and lower)
30
How many lobes are on the right lung?
3 (upper, middle, lower)
31
What is the function of the thorax?
-ventilation
-protection
-support
32
What are the two layers of pleura?
Visceral (inner) and parietal (outer)
33
What is pneumothorax?
Air trapped between lungs and chest wall
34
What is atelectasis?
Collapse of lung
35
Inspiration (inhalation)
-external intercostal muscles contract
-rib cage moves up and out
-diaphragm contracts and moves down
-pressure in lungs decreases, air comes rushing in
36
Expiration (exhalation)
-rib cage moves down and in
-diaphragm relaxes and moves up
-pressure in lungs increases, air is pushed out
37
What is elastic recoil?
Tendency of pulmonary tissues to return to a smaller size after having been stretched
38
How are compliance and elastance inversely related?
Compliance = stretch of lung tissue
Elastance = lung tissue returns to smaller size
39
What is tidal volume?
Normal breath
40
What is residual volume?
Air in lungs after tidal volume (normal breath)
41
What is vital capacity?
What you can voluntarily control
42
What is total lung capacity?
the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after a full inhalation
43
What does PFT stand for
Pulmonary function test
44
What are the factors influencing oxygen diffusion?
-oxygen pressure gradient
-total functional surface area
-alveolar ventilation
-thickness of respiratory membrane
45
Where are the respiratory control centers located?
In the brainstem
46
What are the respiratory control centers?
Medulla and pons
47
Medulla control center
-inspiratory center
-expiratory center
48
Pons control center
-apneustic center
-pneumotaxic center
49
What is apnea?
Lack of breathing
50
What is tachypnea?
Fast breathing (over 20 BPM)
51
What is bradypnea?
Slow breathing (under 12 BPM)
52
What is dyspnea?
Difficulty/painful breathing
53
What is hyperventilation?
Breathing too fast
54
What is hypoventilation?
Breathing too slow
55
What is Kussmauls breathing?
a deep, rapid breathing pattern
56
What is hypercapnia?
Increased CO2
57
What is hypocapnia?
Decreased CO2
58
What is hypoxema?
Low oxygen in blood
59
What is acidosis?
pH below 7.35
60
What is alkalosis?
pH above 7.4
61
Is oxygen a drug?
Yes
62
What needs to happen in regards to the amount of oxygen given to a patient with hypercapnia?
Oxygen needs to be titrated based on the response of the patient
63
What is lymphedema?
Swelling in the body’s tissue due to buildup of lymph fluid
64
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
-immunity
-lipid absorption
-fluid recovery
65
What are the organs of the lymphatic system? (6)
-lymph
-lymphatic vessels
-lymph nodes
-tonsils
-spleen
-thymus
66
What is lymph?
a clear to white fluid that plays a key role in the body's immune system
67
What are two sources in lymph?
-plasma
-cells
68
What do lymphatic vessels do?
Carry lymph away from tissues
(Has valves to ensure one way flow)
69
Lymphatic capillaries
Join to form lymphatic vessels
(More permeable than blood capillaries)
70
Where are lymphatic capillaries found?
All parts of the body except nervous system, bone marrow, and tissues without blood vessels
71
Lymph nodes
Distributed along vessels and filter lymph
72
Lymphatic ducts
Drain tissues of body and move lymph into major veins
73
Right lymphatic duct
Drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body into the right subclavian vein
74
Thoracic duct
Drains lymph from remainder of the body into the left subclavian vein
75
What are the three types of tonsils? (In order)
-pharyngeal tonsil (superior)
-palatine tonsil
-lingual tonsil (inferior)
76
At what stage is the thymus the largest in a person?
Largest in children, shrinks as you age
77
Where is the thymus located?
Thoracic cavity
78
What does the thymus do?
-immune mechanism
-**stimulates lymphocytes to
develop into T lymphocytes**
79
Where is the spleen located?
Upper left abdominal quadrant
80
What are the functions of the spleen?
-blood production in fetus
-blood reservoir
-RBC disposal
-immune reactions
81
What two types of tissues does the spleen contain?
White and red pulp
82
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
Spleen
83
What is immunity?
Ability to resist damage from foreign substances
84
What are the two types of immunity?
-innate or nonspecific
-adaptive or specific
85
Nonspecific immunity
-physical barriers
-chemical mediators
-cells
**function as first line of defense**
86
What are some examples of nonspecific immunity?
skin, mucous membranes, phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever
87
Specific immunity
Ability to recognize a particular substance and remember previous encounters with a substance and respond rapidly
88
First line of defense
Mechanical and chemical barriers
89
Second line of defense
Inflammation and phagocytosis
90
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
-redness
-swelling
-heat
-pain
91
Fever
-defense mechanism: does more good than harm
-promotes interferon activity
-accelerates metabolic rate and tissue repair
92
What can a fever of 105 cause?
Delirium
93
What can a fever of 111-115 cause?
Coma or death
94
What is interferon?
Proteins synthesized and released in response to viral infections
95
What is complement?
Group of enzymes that lyse cells
(May be activated by specific or nonspecific mechanisms)
96
What are natural killer cells?
Lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells infected by viruses
97
B lymphocytes
-mature in the bone marrow
-produce antibodies
98
T lymphocytes
Form in the thymus and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
99
What are plasma cells?
Mature B cells that produces antibodies
100
What are memory cells?
-make long term immunity possible
-second exposure to the same antigen produces a stronger, faster response
101
What happens to plasma cells when an infection has passed?
Plasma cells undergo apoptosis
102
IgG
Responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic disease of the newborn
103
IgM
Often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen
104
IgA
Secreted into saliva, tears, and mucous membranes to provide protection on body surfaces
105
IgE
Stimulates the inflammatory response
106
IgD
Functions as antigen-binding receptors on B cells
107
What is a primary response in terms of antibody production?
Occurs when a B cell is first activated by an antigen
108
What is a secondary response in terms of antibody production?
Occurs during later exposure to same antigen (faster and greater response)
109
What are the three classes of T cells?
-cytotoxic
-helper
-memory
110
Cytotoxic T cells
Carry out attack
111
Helper T cells
Help promote cytotoxic T and B cell action
112
What is innate immunity?
the body's natural defense system that is present from birth and provides immediate protection against infections
113
What is acquired immunity?
defense mechanism that develops after exposure to microbes
114
What is natural immunity?
protection you develop when your body fights off an infection
115
What is artificial or induced immunity?
immunity that is deliberately created in a person through medical intervention
116
What is hypersensitivity?
Excessive immune reaction against antigens
117
What is anaphylaxis?
a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can affect the whole body
118
What are autoimmune diseases?
Immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones (body attacks itself)
119
What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?
-celiac disease
-lupus
-psoriasis
-Crohn’s disease
-type 1 diabetes
-multiple sclerosis
120
Symptoms and treatments of celiac disease
Symptoms: diarrhea, bloating, and fatigue
Treatment: strict gluten-free diet
121
Symptoms and treatment for Crohn’s disease
Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss
Treatments: steroids, diet changes, surgery
122
Symptoms and treatments for lupus
Symptoms: fatigue, joint pain, rash, and fever
Treatment: anti-inflammatories
123
Symptoms and treatment for multiple sclerosis
Symptoms: vision loss, pain, fatigue, and impaired coordination
Treatments: medication, physical therapy
124
Symptoms and treatment for psoriasis
Symptoms: Itchy, red, scaly skin
Treatments: Topical ointments, creams, Oral medications
125
Allergic asthma
-most common form
-triggered by inhaled allergens
126
Nonallergic asthma
-more common in adults
-triggered by infections, drugs, air pollutants, cold dry air, exercise
127
How does lymph return to the circulatory system?
Via veins
128
What controls breathing?
Medulla
129
What is laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx
