Lecture Test #2 Flashcards
What is compliance?
Ability of pulmonary tissues to stretch
What is hypoxia?
Absence of oxygen in the tissues
What is pleurisy?
Inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs
What is surfactant?
-mixture of lipids and proteins that lines the air sacs in the lungs
-reduces surface tension
What is ventilation?
Movement of air into and out of lungs
What is external respiration?
Gas exchange between air in lungs and blood
What is internal respiration?
Gas exchange between the blood and tissues
What does the upper tract consist of?
-nose
-pharynx
-larynx
What does the upper tract do?
-warms, filters, and humidifies air
-conduction of air
What does the lower tract consist of?
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveoli
What does the lower tract do?
-conduction of air
-gas exchange
What are the respiratory system functions?
- Gas exchange
- Regulation of blood pH
- Voice production
- Olfaction
- Protection
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx (AKA throat)?
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
What is another word for larynx?
Voice box
What does the larynx consist of?
-glottis
-epiglottis
What is the glottis?
The vocal cords and opening between them
What is the epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage that guards glottis, prevents food and drink from entering the respiratory tract
What is another name for the trachea?
Windpipe
What does the trachea do?
Connects the larynx to the primary bronchi
(Ventral to esophagus)
What is carina?
-point of bifurcation (separates left and right bronchi)
-sensitive to irritation and inhaled objects initiate cough
Pathway of airflow
- Nose —>
- Pharynx —>
- Larynx —>
- Trachea —>
- Bronchi —>
- Bronchioles —>
- Terminal bronchioles —>
- Respiratory bronchioles —>
- Alveolar ducts —>
- Alveoli
What are alveoli?
tiny air sacs located at the ends of the bronchioles
What are alveoli responsible for?
gas exchange between the lungs and the bloodstream
What is alveoli made of?
Simple squamous epithelium surrounded by blood capillaries
What is the function of the lungs?
-air distribution
-gas exchange
What is the base of the lung?
Bottom
What is the apex of the lung?
Top
What is the hilum of the lung?
Entry point
How many loves are on the left lung?
2 (upper and lower)
How many loves are on the right lung?
3 (upper, middle, lower)
What is the function of the thorax?
-ventilation
-protection
-support
What are the two layers of pleura?
Visceral (inner) and parietal (outer)
What is pneumothorax?
Air trapped between lungs and chest wall
What is atelectasis?
Collapse of lung
Inspiration (inhalation)
-external intercostal muscles contract
-rib cage moves up and out
-diaphragm contracts and moves down
-pressure in lungs decreases, air comes rushing in
Expiration (exhalation)
-rib cage moves down and in
-diaphragm relaxes and moves up
-pressure in lungs increases, air is pushed out
What is elastic recoil?
Tendency of pulmonary tissues to return to a smaller size after having been stretched
How are compliance and elastance inversely related?
Compliance = stretch of lung tissue
Elastance = lung tissue returns to smaller size
What is tidal volume?
Normal breath
What is residual volume?
Air in lungs after tidal volume (normal breath)
What is vital capacity?
What you can voluntarily control
What is total lung capacity?
the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold after a full inhalation
What does PFT stand for
Pulmonary function test
What are the factors influencing oxygen diffusion?
-oxygen pressure gradient
-total functional surface area
-alveolar ventilation
-thickness of respiratory membrane
Where are the respiratory control centers located?
In the brainstem
What are the respiratory control centers?
Medulla and pons
Medulla control center
-inspiratory center
-expiratory center
Pons control center
-apneustic center
-pneumotaxic center
What is apnea?
Lack of breathing
What is tachypnea?
Fast breathing (over 20 BPM)
What is bradypnea?
Slow breathing (under 12 BPM)
What is dyspnea?
Difficulty/painful breathing
What is hyperventilation?
Breathing too fast
What is hypoventilation?
Breathing too slow
What is Kussmauls breathing?
a deep, rapid breathing pattern
What is hypercapnia?
Increased CO2
What is hypocapnia?
Decreased CO2
What is hypoxia?
Low oxygen
What is hypoxema?
Low oxygen in blood
What is acidosis?
pH below 7.35
What is alkalosis?
pH above 7.4
Is oxygen a drug?
Yes
What needs to happen in regards to the amount of oxygen given to a patient with hypercapnia?
Oxygen needs to be titrated based on the response of the patient
What is lymphedema?
Swelling in the body’s tissue due to buildup of lymph fluid
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
-immunity
-lipid absorption
-fluid recovery
What are the organs of the lymphatic system? (6)
-lymph
-lymphatic vessels
-lymph nodes
-tonsils
-spleen
-thymus
What is lymph?
a clear to white fluid that plays a key role in the body’s immune system
What are two sources in lymph?
-plasma
-cells
What do lymphatic vessels do?
Carry lymph away from tissues
Lymphatic capillaries
Join to form lymphatic vessels
(More permeable than blood capillaries)
Where are lymphatic capillaries found?
All parts of the body except nervous system, bone marrow, and tissues without blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Have valves that ensure one-way flow
Lymph nodes
Distributed along vessels and filter lymph
Lymphatic ducts
Drain tissues of body and move lymph into major veins
Right lymphatic duct
Drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body into the right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
Drains lymph from remainder of the body into the left subclavian vein
What are the three types of tonsils? (In order)
-pharyngeal tonsil (superior)
-palatine tonsil
-lingual tonsil (inferior)
At what stage is the thymus the largest in a person?
Largest in children, shrinks as you age
Where is the thymus located?
Thoracic cavity
What does the thymus do?
-immune mechanism
-stimulates lymphocytes to develop into T lymphocytes
Where is the spleen located?
Upper left abdominal quadrant
What are the functions of the spleen?
-blood production in fetus
-blood reservoir
-RBC disposal
-immune reactions
What two types of tissues does the spleen contain?
White and red pulp
What is the largest lymphatic organ?
Spleen
What is immunity?
Ability to resist damage from foreign substances
What are the two types of immunity?
-innate or nonspecific
-adaptive or specific
Nonspecific immunity
-physical barriers
-chemical mediators
-cells
function as first line of defense
What are some examples of nonspecific immunity?
skin, mucous membranes, phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever
Specific immunity
Ability to recognize a particular substance and remember previous encounters with a substance and respond rapidly
First line of defense
Mechanical and chemical barriers
Second line of defense
Inflammation and phagocytosis
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
-redness
-swelling
-heat
-pain
Fever
-defense mechanism: does more good than harm
-promotes interferon activity
-accelerates metabolic rate and tissue repair
What can a fever of 105 cause?
Delirium
What can a fever of 111-115 cause?
Coma or death
What is interferon?
Proteins synthesized and released in response to viral infections
What is complement?
Group of enzymes that lyse cells
(May be activated by specific or nonspecific mechanisms)
What are natural killer cells?
Lymphocytes that kill tumor cells and cells infected by viruses
B lymphocytes
-mature in the bone marrow
-give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies
T lymphocytes
-mature in the thymus gland
-directly attack cells that have nonself proteins or regulate the immune response
What are plasma cells?
Mature B cells that produces antibodies
What are memory cells?
-make long term immunity possible
-second exposure to the same antigen produces a stronger, faster response
What happens to plasma cells when an infection has passed?
Plasma cells undergo apoptosis
IgG
Responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic disease of the newborn
IgM
Often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen
IgA
Secreted into saliva, tears, and mucous membranes to provide protection on body surfaces
IgE
Stimulates the inflammatory response
IgD
Functions as antigen-binding receptors on B cells
What is a primary response in terms of antibody production?
Occurs when a B cell is first activated by an antigen
What is a secondary response in terms of antibody production?
Occurs during later exposure to same antigen (faster and greater response)
What are the three classes of T cells?
-cytotoxic
-helper
-memory
Cytotoxic T cells
Carry out attack
Helper T cells
Help promote cytotoxic T and B cell action
Memory T cells
Provide immunity from future exposure
What is innate immunity?
the body’s natural defense system that is present from birth and provides immediate protection against infections
What is acquired immunity?
defense mechanism that develops after exposure to microbes or chemicals they release
What is natural immunity?
protection you develop when your body fights off an infection
What is artificial or induced immunity?
immunity that is deliberately created in a person through medical intervention
What is hypersensitivity?
Excessive immune reaction against antigens
What is anaphylaxis?
a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that can affect the whole body
What are autoimmune diseases?
Immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones (body attacks itself)
What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?
-celiac disease
-lupus
-psoriasis
-Crohn’s disease
-type 1 diabetes
-multiple sclerosis
Symptoms and treatments of celiac disease
Symptoms: diarrhea, bloating, and fatigue
Treatment: strict gluten-free diet
Symptoms and treatment for Crohn’s disease
Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss
Treatments: steroids, diet changes, surgery
Symptoms and treatments for lupus
Symptoms: fatigue, joint pain, rash, and fever
Treatment: anti-inflammatories
Symptoms and treatment for multiple sclerosis
Symptoms: vision loss, pain, fatigue, and impaired coordination
Treatments: medication, physical therapy
Symptoms and treatment for psoriasis
Symptoms: Itchy, red, scaly skin
Treatments: Topical ointments, creams, Oral medications
Allergic asthma
-most common form
-triggered by inhaled allergens
Nonallergic asthma
-more common in adults
-triggered by infections, drugs, air pollutants, cold dry air, exercise
