Ch 20 & 21 Lecture Test Flashcards
What are the 11 body systems?
-circulatory
-integumentary
-nervous
-reproductive
-lymphatic
-respiratory
-digestive
-skeletal
-muscular
-endocrine
-urinary
What is normal heart rate?
60-100 BPM
What is bradycardia?
Heart rate below 60 BPM
What is tachycardia?
Heart rate above 100 bpm
What is normal blood pressure?
120 over 80
120/80
What is normal body temperature?
98.6 degrees F
Or 37 degrees C
What is normal 02 saturation?
95-100%
What is the pain scale?
1-10
What is normal respiratory rate?
12-20 breaths/minute
What cholesterol is good and what is bad?
HDL= good
LDL= bad
What is angina pectoris?
chest pain that occurs when a part of your heart doesn’t get enough blood and oxygen
What is atherosclerosis?
chronic disease in which fatty deposits (plaques) build up in the inner lining of the arteries
What is a carotid body?
a small sensory organ in the neck that helps regulate breathing and blood pressure
What is a murmur?
a whooshing or swishing sound of your heart when blood flows abnormally over your heart valves
What is a myocardial infarction?
Heart attack
What is a pacemaker?
an artificial device for stimulating the heart muscle and regulating its contractions
What is pulse?
the number of times the heart beats within a certain time period, usually a minute (heart rate)
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
-transportation
-temperature regulation
-blood clotting
-immune function
What does the cardiovascular system transport?
-oxygen and carbon dioxide
-delivery of nutrients and hormones
-waste removal
Where is the heart located?
Between body of the sternum and vertebral column (in mediastinum)
Fibrous pericardium
-Prevents over distention
-acts as anchor
Serous pericardium
-visceral and parietal
-protection against friction
What is the outer layer of the myocardial wall?
Epicardium
What is the middle layer of the myocardial wall?
Myocardium
What is the inner layer of the myocardial wall?
Endocardium
Which heart ventricle is thicker, right or left?
Left
Why is the right ventricle of the heart thinner?
Hold blood and only has to supply it to the lungs which requires less pressure
Why is the left ventricle thicker?
Pumps blood to the rest of the body so it requires more pressure
What are the receiving chambers of the heart?
Atria (atrium)
What are the pumping chambers of the heart?
Ventricles
Where does the atria receive blood from?
Veins
Where do the ventricles pump blood to?
Lungs and rest of the body
Where is the tricuspid valve located and how many flaps does it have?
Right side, 3
Where is the bicuspid (mitral) valve located and and how many flaps does it have?
Left side, two
Semilunar valves open or close based on what?
Pressure
Mitral valve prolapse
Malfunctioning mitral valve allows back flow of blood into the left atrium, causing progressive enlargement
Blood flow through right side of heart
- Superior and Inferior vena cava —>
- Right atrium ——>
- Through tricuspid valve ——>
- Right ventricle ——>
- Pulmonic valve —>
- Pulmonary trunk ——>
- Pulmonary arteries —>
- Arterioles ——>
- Capillaries of lungs ——>
- Venules
Blood flow through left side of heart
- Pulmonary veins —>
- Left atrium —>
- Bicuspid valve —>
- Left ventricle —>
- Aortic valve —>
- Aorta —>
- Arteries —>
- Arterioles —>
- Capillaries —>
- Venules —>
- Veins —>
- Superior vena cava
What side deals with oxygen poor blood?
Right side
What side deals with oxygen rich blood?
Left side
What is systemic circulation
Delivers oxygenated blood to tissues and returns it to the heart
What is pulmonary circulation?
Delivers oxygen poor blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and returns it to the heart
What is the function of valves?
Prevent backflow
What are the AV valves?
Tricuspid valve and bicuspid valve
What are the SL valves?
Pulmonary and aortic
Right coronary artery
-Supplies blood to the right atrium, right ventricle, and sinoatrial (SA) node
-marginal artery
Left coronary artery
-Supplies blood to the left atrium, left ventricle, and interventricular septum
-circumflex artery
Where do cardiac veins drain into?
Coronary sinus
Where does coronary sinus drain into?
Right atrium
What is collateral circulation?
Blood flowing around a blockage to still reach its destination. (Detour)
What is the hearts natural pacemaker?
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
Where is the sinoatrial node (SA node) located?
Upper Right atrium
What is the function of the AV node?
receives electrical impulses from the SA node and transmits them to the ventricles
Where is the AV node located?
Lower right atrium
Conduction system steps (5)
- SA node fires
- Excitation spreads through atrial myocardium
- AV node fires
- Excitation spreads down AV bundle
- Purkinje fibers distribute excitation through ventricular myocardium
Ectopic beat
minor alteration to a normal heartbeat that results in skipped or extra beats
Arrhythmia
Irregular heartbeat
Bradycardia
Slow heart beat (under 60)
Tachycardia
Fast heart beat (over 100)
Fibrillation
An irregular, often rapid heart rate that commonly causes poor blood flow
Asystole
No heart beat
How do you measure cardiac output?
Stroke volume times heart rate
( CO = SV X HR )
What does the P wave measure on an ecg?
Depolarization of the atrium
What does the QRS measure on an ecg?
Depolarization of the ventricles
What does the T wave measure on an ecg?
Repolarization of the ventricles
What is hemodynamics?
Physical principles of blood flow based on pressure and resistance
What does blood flow due to?
Pressure gradient
Blood flows through the heart and blood vessels from…
High pressure to low pressure
What is arterial blood pressure?
-the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the arteries
-Measures the pressure gradient
What is systolic pressure?
the maximum pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts
What is diastolic pressure?
the blood pressure in the arteries when the heart is resting between beats
What is the top number on a blood pressure reading?
Systolic pressure
What is the bottom number on a blood pressure reading?
Diastolic pressure
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle each minute
What is peripheral resistance?
Resistance to blood flow due to diameter and length of blood vessels as well as viscosity of blood
What is venous return?
Amount of blood returned to the heart by veins
How do you fix ADH?
(Low blood pressure)
Salt solution
-increase water
What are positive inotropic agents?
Factors that increase contractility
Examples of positive inotropic agents?
-catecholamines
-digitalis
What are negative inotropic agents?
Factors that decrease contractility
Examples of inotropic agents
-hyperkalemia
-hypocalcemia
What is pulse pressure?
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
What is the difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood towards the heart
What are Arterioles ?
Resistance vessels
What are capillaries ?
Exchange vessels
What are Venules?
Connect capillaries to veins
What are the layers of an artery or vein in order?
-tunica adventita (outermost layer)
-tunica media (middle layer)
-tunica intima (innermost layer)
What is the difference of pressure between arteries and veins?
Arteries have higher pressure than veins
Do arteries or veins have thicker walls?
Arteries
What is the difference of lumen between arteries and veins?
Arteries have smaller lumen than veins
What is the difference of valves between arteries and veins?
Arteries do not have valves while veins do
What are some symptoms of left ventricular failure?
pulmonary related symptoms
-cough
-orthopnea
-exertional dyspnea
What are some symptoms of right ventricular failure?
fatigue
-anorexia
-GI distress
-ascites
What is the placenta responsible for?
-delivery of nutrients
-removal of waste products
-delivery of oxygenated blood
Does a fetus breathe or oxygenate blood on its own?
No. Circulation bypasses the lung
Does a fetus detoxify blood on its own?
No. Circulation bypasses liver
What is ischemia?
condition where there is a reduced blood flow to a specific area of the body
What is infarction?
death of tissue resulting from a failure of blood supply
What is a thrombus?
Stationary blood clot
What is an embolus?
Moving blood clot
What can a partial obstruction lead to?
-heart angina
-mini stoke (TIA)
- PAD (peripheral artery disease)
What can a total obstruction lead to?
-heart attack
-stroke
What blood type is a universal blood donor and why?
Type O because there are no antigens present
What are the 4 blood groups?
-A
-B
-AB
-O
What are the 8 blood types?
- A positive
- A negative
- B positive
- B negative
- AB positive
- AB negative
- O positive
- O negative
What blood type is a universal recipient?
AB
What blood type can type A receive blood from and who can they donate to?
Recipient: A, O
Donor: A, AB
What blood type can type B receive blood from and who can they donate to?
Recipient: B, O
Donor: B, AB
What blood type can type AB receive blood from and who can they donate to?
Recipient: A, B, AB, O
Donor: AB
What blood type can type O receive blood from and who can they donate to?
Recipient: O
Donor: A, B, AB, O
What are the layers of the myocardial wall?
-epicardium (outer)
-myocardium (middle)
-endocardium (inner)
How to solve high blood pressure (ANH)
Get rid of fluids via ANH. Increasing urine output
Chambers of the heart
-right atrium
-right ventricle
-left atrium
-left ventricle
