Lecture Test 1 Focus List Flashcards
Magnolia virginiana cultivar
Magnolia virginiana ‘Henry Hicks’
Henry Hicks sweetbay
Remains evergreen all winter even in cold climates. Denser growth habit
Asimina triloba
paw paw
Annonaceae
Height: Shortish Spread: Same as height Spacing: Doesn't need room Zones: Canada to TX & FL Flower Color: maroon-purple, May Fruit Color: yellowish green, edible, September – October Fall Color: Yellow
Uses: Naturalizing, Edible Fruits, Street Tree
Culture: Full sun - shade. Needs moist, fertile, well-drained soils. Does best in slightly acid soils. Tends to sucker from the roots – not an ideal plant for small spaces
Limitations: Difficult to transplant when large. Fruits can be a slight maintenance problem but often harvested by raccoons
Akebia quinata
five-leaf akebia
Lardizabalaceae
Form: Vine Height: pretty high Spread: Fairly aggressive Don't plant Zones: MA to SC
Fall Color: Deep green (semi-evergreen foliage)
Culture: Full sun or light shade. Tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions – moist or dry. Readily transplanted
Limitations: Invasive tendencies but no legal invasive status in MD (assessment in progress). Grows rapidly and kills the plants it climbs on
Clematis terniflora
sweet autumn clematis
Ranunculaceae
Form: Vine Height: Moderate Spread: Not much Spacing: don't plant Zones: MA-SC, FL in shade
Flower Color: White, fragrant, August – October
Fruit Color: Silver – White
Fall Color: Green
Uses: Vine, climbs by twining. Screen
Culture: Full sun to partial shade. Thrives on neglect. Tolerates seashore conditions. Grows in acid or alkaline soil. No significant pests
Limitations: “Vigorous to the point of viciousness” “Engulfs every structure in sight” Difficult to get rid of once established
Berberis thunbergii cultivars
Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea
red leaf Japanese barberry:
A naturally-occurring variety that has reddish foliage that tends to fade to green during the summer. Most red foliaged cultivars are derived from this variety. B. t. var. a. ‘Nana’ = synonym to ‘Crimson Pygmy’ - Crimson Pygmy barberry
Berberis thunbergii ‘Rose Glow’
rose glow barberry:
New foliage mottled rose pink with deeper red purple. Fall color lasts longer than in the species.
Berberis thunbergii ‘Aurea’
golden barberry:
Leaves vivid yellow, does not scorch in sun even in southern landscapes; yellow-green in shade. Dense, slow-growing. Does not flower or fruit heavily.
Platanus occidentalis
sycamore
Platanaceae
Height: super tall
Spread: almost as wide
Spacing: ditto
Zones: Maine to FL
Uses: Shade tree, Specimen, Street Tree
Culture: Full Sun, Adaptable but grows best in rich moist soils. Tolerates urban conditions. Easily transplanted. Tolerates high and low pH soils. Leave if you have one – however better options in most landscape settings
Limitations: Shallow root system makes them susceptible to drought. Extremely messy (leaves, fruit, twigs). Anthracnose Powdery mildew. Many other disease problems. Too large for many situations. Roots impact built features such as pavement, pipes, foundations
Sycamore Anthracnose
Apiognomonia veneta (Discula platani)
Leaf blight
Thin canopy
Twig lesions
Twig blight
Managing and Controlling:
- Remove symptomatic tissue in fall and winter
- Maintain tree vigor through proper watering and fertilizing
- Treat with fungicide if absolutely necessary
- At or just before bud break in spring (foliar or injection)
- If you can see symptoms on leaves it is too late to treat.
Platanus ×acerifolia
London plane tree
Platanaceae
Platanus occidentalis × Platanus orientalis
Height: Tallish - good for streets
Spread: same
Spacing: same
Zones: (Maine) Upper NY - Georgia (FL)
Uses: Street tree. Shade tree. Parks, golf courses
Culture: Same as P. occidentalis. Extremely tolerant of many conditions including urban
Limitations: Approaching monoculture plantings in many places. Variable susceptibility to many diseases including powdery mildew and anthracnose
Comparison of sycamore, oriental plane tree, and London plane tree
Platanus ×acerifolia cultivars
Platanus ×acerifolia ‘Bloodgood’
Bloodgood plane tree
Greater resistance to anthracnose than unselected P. ×acerifolia, But more recently has shown susceptibility. Not ozone tolerant – late summer stippling and leaf drop
Platanus ×acerifolia ‘Liberty’ and Platanus ×acerifolia ‘Columbia’
- Resulted from controlled crosses of symptomless Platanus orientalis × two susceptible Platanus occidentalis
- Progeny were exposed to anthracnose and evaluated for susceptibility.
- Symptom free clones were evaluated for growth form, landscape
attributes, and tolerance of street conditions. - Highly resistant to anthracnose and powdery mildew
- Resist inward spread of wood decay by compartmentalizing damage
Cercidiphyllum japonicum
katsura tree Cercidiphyllaceae Form: Tree Height: 45’ – 55’ (100’) Spread: 30’ – 40’ Spacing: 30’ – 40’ Zones: 4 – 8 Flower Color: n.s., reddish, March – April Fruit Color: n.s., tan – brown, persist all winter Fall Color: yellow to apricot
Uses: Elegant shade tree, Specimen tree, Planted in groves. Plant in large spaces: large lawns, parks, golf courses
Culture: Best fall color in full sun. Best in rich, moist well-drained soil. Needs water in extended drought, especially when young pH adaptable
Limitations: No severe pests. Not easy to transplant. Large size limits planting locations
Itea virginica
Virginia sweetspire
Iteaceae
Form: Shrub Height: 3’ – 5’ Spread: 5’ – 10’ Spacing: 5’ – 10’ Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: White, fragrant June - July Fall Color: yellow, to orange, to scarlet, to purple
Uses: Shrub borders. Foundation plants. Naturalizing in moist areas
Culture: Full sun to full shade. Prefers moist, fertile soils. Tolerates wet or dry soils. Prefers acidic to neutral soils. Very easy to propagate from cuttings
Limitations: No serious pests or diseases. Not tolerant of extensive drought until it is well established. Can spread beyond intended area if soils are very moist.
Itea virginica ‘Henry’s Garnet’
Henry’s Garnet sweetspire
Fall Color: deep red purple, lasts longer than for species
Flowers showier
More cold tolerant (to Zone 3)
Liquidambar styraciflua cultivars
Liquidambar styraciflua ‘Burgundy’
burgundy sweetgum
Wine-red color in fall and on new leaves. Leaves may persist into winter
Liquidambar styraciflua ‘Festival’
festival sweetgum
More conical, narrow and upright than the species. Less cold hardy (7 – 9).
Liquidambar styraciflua ‘Rotundiloba’
rotund sweetgum
Rounded lobe tips. Fruitless. Yellow to orange fall color some years, burgundy others; narrow pyramidal form. Not reliably hardy in Zone 5. Original tree discovered in the wild in North Carolina in 1930
Fothergilla gardenii
dwarf fothergilla
Hamamelidaceae
Form: Shrub Height: 3’ – 5’ Spread: 6’ Spacing: 4’ – 5’ Zones: (4)5 – 8(9) Flower Color: White, fragrant; stamens showy Late March – early April Fall Color: Yellow to Orange to Red
Uses: Shrub border, Foundation plants, Mass plantings, Naturalized settings
Culture: Grows in full sun to shade. Needs full sun to develop fall color. Prefers moist soils but will not tolerate standing water. Does best in acidic soils
Limitations: Relatively trouble free. Drought stress in hot dry situations, avoid windy sites
Hamamelis virginiana
common witchhazel
Hamamelidaceae
Form: Small Tree Height: 7’ – 10’ Spread: 15’ – 20’ (30’) Spacing: 8’ – 15’ Zones: 3b – 8(9) Flower Color: Yellow, fragrant, Oct. – Dec. Fall Color: light yellow
Uses: Patio Tree, Screen, Border
Culture: Performs well in shade. Full sun for best fall color and bloom. Great variation in adaptability. Not very tolerant of high pH
Limitations: No serious pest or diseases. Does not tolerate extremely dry conditions
Ampelopsis brevipedunculata ‘Elegans’
Variegated leaves when grown in the sun.
More deeply lobed leaves.
More compact growth habit.
Slightly less aggressive than the species.
Lagerstroemia fauriei
Fauriei crapemyrtle
Lythraceae
Form: Shrub to Tree Height: 20’ – 25’ Spread: 15’ – 20’ Spacing: 15’ Zone: (6)7 – 9 Flower Color: white (not exceptional) - Summer Fall Color: Red
Uses: Specimen, Accent, Patio tree. Spectacular exfoliating bark
Culture: Best in full sun. Prefers well drained soils. Resistant to powdery mildew
Limitations: Flowers not exceptional. Non-recurrent flowering
Lagerstroemia Cultivar Selections
Breeding began at the National Arboretum in 1962 to increase disease resistance within Lagerstroemia indica.
A few examples…. Lagerstroemia indica 'Catawba' Lagerstroemia indica 'Cherokee' Lagerstroemia indica 'Conestoga' Lagerstroemia indica 'Powhatan' Lagerstroemia indica 'Potomac' Lagerstroemia indica 'Seminole'
Lagerstroemia hybrids
Lagerstroemia indica
- Pro: Recurrent blooming
- Con: Powdery mildew
Lagerstroemia fauriei
- Pro: No powdery mildew
- Con: No recurrent bloom
Hybrids:
- Resistant to powdery mildew
- Different size groups
- New bark colors
- Recurrent bloom
- Potentially increased hardiness
Lagerstroemia cultivars - hybrids
Lagerstroemia fauriei arrived in the U.S. in the 1950s.
Lagerstroemia indica × Lagerstroemia fauriei
Lagerstroemia × ‘Acoma’ Lagerstroemia × ‘Lipan’ Lagerstroemia × ‘Sioux’ Lagerstroemia × ‘Tonto’ Lagerstroemia × ‘Yuma’ Lagerstroemia × ‘Chickasaw’ Lagerstroemia × ‘Pocomoke’
Five original plants and their progeny intercrossed for five generations.
The first cross was made in 1967
Final cross was made in 1989
‘Chickasaw‘ was released 1997
‘Pocomoke’ was released in 1998
Campsis radicans cultivars
Campsis ×tagliabuana ‘Madame Galen’ hybrid trumpet creeper
Campsis radicans × Campsis grandiflora
- Larger flowers and more flowers than C. radicans
- Not as cold hardy as C. radicans (Zones 5 – 9)
Catalpa bignonioides
Southern Catalpa
Bignoniaceae
Form: Tree Height: 45’ Spread: 45’ - 55’ Spacing: 45’ – 55’ Zones: 5 – 9 Flower Color: White with yellow and purple spots Fruit Color: Green to brown, straight slender pod.
- Similar to Catalpa speciosa
- Smaller
- Flowers ~ 2 weeks later
Catalpa bignonioides cultivar
Catalpa bignonioides ‘Nana’
Caryopteris ×clandonensis
bluebeard
Verbenaceae
Caryopteris incana × Caryopteris mongholica
Form: Shrub Height: 3’ – 5’ Spread: 2’ – 3’ Spacing: 2’ – 3’ Zone: 6 – 9 Flower Color: Blue July – Sept.
Uses: Massing. Low border. Flowers late in summer. Leaves stems and flowers fragrant
Culture: Tolerates heat and drought. Full sun. Tolerates seashore conditions (sandy and salty soils). Can be cut to the ground, flowers on new wood. Best in well drained soil. Transplants easily
Limitations: Needs to be pruned hard or it can be leggy and unattractive. Weedy, may seed into areas if not deadheaded
Callicarpa japonica
Japanese beautyberry
Verbenaceae
Form: Shrub Height: 4’– 8’ Spread: 4’– 6’ Spacing: 3’– 6’ Zones: 5–8 Fruit Color: Violet to metallic purple. Fall Fall Color: Yellow
Uses: Same uses as C. dichotoma but C. japonica may benefit from cross pollination for fruit production
Culture: same. Transplants easily. Well-drained soil. Full sun to light shade
Limitations: Irregular fruiting in C. japonica. Can look ratty with age – rejuvenates well
Callicarpa japonica cultivar
Callicarpa japonica ‘Leucocarpa’
white-fruited Japanese beautyberry
Callicarpa dichotoma ‘Early Amethyst’
early amethyst purple beautyberry
Callicarpa dichotoma ‘Duet’
Vitex negundo var. heterophylla
cutleaf chaste tree
Verbenaceae
Form: Shrub to Tree Height: 10’ – 15’ Spread: 15’ – 20’ Spacing: 10’ – 20’ Zone: 6 – 8 Flower Color: Lavender June – Sept.
Uses: Specimen or border. More delicate texture and better form than V. agnus-castus. Hardier than V. agnus-castus. Aromatic foliage
Culture: Tolerates heat and drought. Easily transplanted. No severe insect or disease problems. Needs full sun
Limitations: Flowers not as showy as V. agnuscastus but leaves add interest
Chionanthus retusus
Chinese fringe tree
Oleaceae
Form: Shrub to Tree Height: 20’ – 30’ Spread: 20’ – 30’ Spacing: 20’ – 30’ Zones: (5)6 – 8 Flower Color: White, fragrant - June Fruit Color: Blue-black on ♀ plants Fall Color: Soft yellow, not consistent
Uses: Specimen plant, especially in small sites. Can plant spring flowering species underneath it
Culture: One of the last plants to leaf out in spring. Tolerates partial shade, best in full sun. Best in moist well drained, organic soil but adaptable. Air pollution tolerant. Drought tolerant. Flowers on current season’s growth
Limitations: None significant. Not as cold hardy as Chionanthus virginicus
Chionanthus virginicus
fringe tree
Oleaceae
Form: Shrub to Tree Height: 10’ – 15’ Spread: 10’ – 15’ Spacing: 10’ – 15’ Zones: 4 – 9 Flower Color: White, fragrant; ♂ flowers larger, more effective - May - June Fruit Color: Blue-black on ♀ Fall Color: Yellow
Uses: Large shrub to small tree. Specimen plant, especially in small sites. Can plant spring flowering species underneath it
Culture: One of the last plants to leaf out in spring. Tolerates partial shade, best in full sun. Best in moist well drained, organic soil but adaptable. Prefers acidic soils. Air pollution tolerant. Flowers on previous season’s growth
Limitations: None significant. Male plant needed to set fruits. Slightly less showy than C. retusus as flowers are held below leaves v. terminal
Fraxinus americana
white ash
Oleaceae
Form: Tree Height: 40’ – 50’ (100’) Spread: 30’ – 50’ Spacing: 30’ – 50’ Zones: 4 – 9 Fall Color: yellow to purple or maroon
Uses: Shade tree. Avenue tree. Grows more slowly than green ash but ultimately is larger with better structure
Culture: Widely adaptable to various soils and climates. Tolerates moderately poor, dry soil. Prefers full sun
Limitations: Not as adaptable as green ash. Weak branch angles. Many diseases and insect pests:
- Ash yellows
- Banded ash clearwing moth borers
- Emerald ash borer
Fraxinus americana cultivars
Fraxinus americana ‘Junginger’ Autumn Purple®
Male, therefore seedless
Reddish-purple fall color
Fraxinus excelsior
European ash
Oleaceae
Form: Tree Height: 30’ – 40’ Spread: 25’ – 35’ (–90’) Spacing: 25’ – 35’ (–90’) Zones: 5 – 7 Fall Color: clear yellow
Uses: Specimen tree
Culture: Prefers rich, loamy soil. Full sun to half sun. Tolerates high pH soils
Limitations: Borers. Large Size
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
green ash
Oleaceae
Form: Tree Height: 50 – 60’ (80’) Spread: 30’ – 40’ Spacing: 30’ – 40’ Zones: (2b)3 – 9 Fall Color: yellow
Uses: Shade tree. Street tree. Specimen tree
Culture: Full sun to partial shade. Tolerates poor soils. Tolerates high pH. Tolerates urban conditions: road salt, compacted soils. Grows quickly (2’ – 3’/year). More upright and irregular in growth than white ash
Limitations: Fertile and abundant seed. Emerald ash borer. Banded ash clearwing moth. Scale. Ash yellows
Fraxinus pennsylvanica cultivar
Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Patmore’ Patmore green ash
Selected from seedlings from Alberta, Canada Male clone = fruitless
Very cold hardy to -40 degrees
Leaves persist longer into fall
Straight trunk and uniform symmetrical branching
Ligustrum obtusifolium var. regelianum
Regel privet
Oleaceae
Form: Shrub Height: 4’ – 5’ Spread: 6’ – 10’ Spacing: 6’ – 10’ Zones: 4 – 7 Flower Color: n.s., white, unpleasantly scented - Late May –early June Fruit Color: blue-black
Uses: Informal hedge. Border. Screen. Considered to have the best form of the Ligustrums
Culture: Full sun to partial shade. Tolerates salt from roads. Extremely tolerant of poor, dry soils. Branches grow horizontally
Limitations: Tier 2 MD Invasive plant. Does not do well to the south of us. Foul smelling flowers
Ligustrum ovalifolium
California privet
Oleaceae
Form: Shrub Height: 10’ – 15’ Spread: 8’ – 12’ Spacing: 3’ – 10’ Zones: 5 – 7(8) Flower Color: white - Late May Fruit Color: globose, black, minimally produced Fall Color: green (semievergreen here)
Uses: Shrub. Outstanding formal hedge. Border
Culture: Sun to partial shade. Tolerates salt from roads. Branches grow vertically
Limitations: Not reliably hardy north of New York City. Foul smelling flowers
Ligustrum ×vicaryi
golden vicary privet
Oleaceae
Ligustrum ovalifolium ‘Aureum’ × Ligustrum vulgare
Height: 12’ Spread: 10’ Spacing: 2’ – 10’ Zones: 5 – 8 Flower Color: White Fruit Color: Blue black Fall Color: Golden yellow
Uses: Same as other privets. Yellow foliage
Culture: Needs full sun to develop good color. Best heavily pruned. Plant with dark colored plants for best effect
Limitations: Not effective planted by itself. Shaded leaves turn sickly green
Syringa reticulata
Japanese tree lilac
Oleaceae
Form: Tree Height: 20’ – 30’ Spread: 15’ – 25’ Spacing: 15’ – 20’ Zones: 3 – 7 Flower Color: white, foul smelling (privet-like) Early – to mid–June
Uses: Most trouble free lilac. Specimen tree. Street tree. Mass plantings
Culture: Full sun for good flowering. pH adaptable. Easily transplanted. Prefers cool summers. Prune after flowering
Limitations: Fewer problems than other lilacs. Powdery mildew. Leaf blight. Borers. Frost injury to young leaves. Foul smelling flowers
Buddleia davidii
butterfly bush Loganiaceae Form: Shrub Height: 6’ – 8’ (15’) Spread: 6’ – 10’ Spacing: 6’ – 10’ Zone: 5 – 9 Flower Color: white, pink, purple, red
Uses: Shrub. border. Massing. Flowers profusely in late summer and fall. Flowers attract butterflies
Culture: Full sun. Tolerates moderate ocean front conditions. Heavy pruning yields fewer, larger flowers. Well drained soil best. pH adaptable. Blooms in one year from seed
Limitations: Too coarse to be used in most situations, although small and more refined selections have been made. Can be invasive if not deadheaded or sterile cultivar
