Lecture Set 6 : Part 1 Flashcards
what are the 2 major branches of the immune system?
-innate
-adaptive
what are the characteristics of the innate immune response?
-exists at birth and is always present
-cannot be “built up”
-defends against all invaders equally (non-specific)
-does not have memory (responds the same the 1st time and the 100th)
-includes physical and chemical barriers, special immune cells, physiological processes, and molecular defenses
what does it mean for the innate immune response to be “non-specific”?
-not willy nilly killing
-the response is generalized
how does the skin act as a barrier in the innate immune response?
-contains keratin which is very tough and protective
-cells are regenerated consistently
-has a pH of 5 (slightly acidic)
-has a high concentration of NaCl
-fairly dry which prevents infection (fungi can still infect dry areas)
how do mucous membranes act as a barrier in the innate immune response?
-mucous traps microbes and allows for them to be removed (cilia, mucocillary elevator)
-contain antimicrobial secretions (lysozyme and defensins)
how does the stomach act as a barrier in the innate immune response?
-strong acidity (pH of 2)
-contains proteolytic enzymes (break down proteins)
how does the small intestine act as a barrier in the innate immune response?
-rapid changes of pH (changing pH does not serve bacteria well)
-pancreatic enzymes
-bile from the liver
how does the large intestine act as a barrier in the innate immune response?
-contains a large portion of the normal microbiota
-competitive exclusion (takes up space to not allow the invaders the space)
-microbial antagonism (produces tings to restrict invaders)
how does the genitourinary tract act as a barrier in the innate immune response?
-flushing action (urination and defecation)
-contains normal microbiota
-pH of 4.5
what are the different types of leuokocytes (white blood cells)?
-granulocytes
-monocytes
-lymphocytes
-involved in both branches of the immune system (innate and adaptive)
what are the basics of granulocytes? what are the types of granulocytes?
-cytoplasm contains granules filled with reactive chemicals that can kill microbes and/or signal other components of immunity
-basophils and mast cells
-eosinophils
-neutrophils
what are the characteristics of basophils and mast cells?
-not strongly phagocytic
-can release vasoactive mediators (histamine)
-involved in allergic responses
what are the characteristics of eosinophils?
-typically non-phagocytic
-attack large parasites (protozoa and parasitic worms) by releasing reactive oxygen intermediates (O2-. H2O2. OH(big dot))
-destroys the parasite from the outside because they are too large to fit inside the cell
what are the characteristics of neutrophils?
-strongly phagocytic
-granules contain digetsive enzymes (lysozyme and defensins)
-central component of the innate immune system
what are the basics of monocytes? what are the types of monocytes?
-circulate in blood and then migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells (strongly phagocytic cells involved in antigen presentation)
what are the characteristics of macrophages?
-strongly phagocytic
-reside in tissues
-have specific surface molecules that recognize pathogens called toll-like receptors
what are examples of things that the toll-like receptors on macrophages recognize?
-LPS
-peptidoglycan
-fungal cell walls
what are the characteristics of dendritic cells?
-phagocytic (constantly sample surroundings this way)
-reside in tissues that serve as common entry points for pathogens
-once phagocytosis is completed they will present foreign antigens on their surface to B and T lymphocytes (may trigger the adaptive response)
what are the basics of lymphocytes? what are the types of lymphocytes?
-specialized leukocytes involved primarily in the adaptive immune response that circulate through the blood and reside in lymphoid organs
-B lymphocytes
-T lymphocytes
-natural killer cells
what are the characteristics of B lymphocytes?
-antibody producing cells
-involved in the humoral branch of adaptive immunity
what are the characteristics of T lymphocytes?
-2 types
-cytotoxic T cells
-T helper cells
what are the characteristics of natural killer cells?
-destroy abnormal body cells (cancer cells, cells infected by bacteria or viruses)
-innate response NOT adaptive
what are the characteristics of cytotoxic T cells?
-destroy abnormal body cells (cancer cells or infected cells)
-involved in cell mediated immunity
what are the characteristics of T-helper cells?
-help B and cytotoxic T cells for an immune response
-involved in the humoral and cell mediated immunity
