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Anthropology 201 > Lecture series 1 > Flashcards

Lecture series 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anthropology

A

the holistic and scientific study of humanity

anthropos: human
logos: study

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2
Q

holism

A

an attempt to synthesize distinct approaches into a single compregensive interpretation. (all that is known about humans?) The theory that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

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3
Q

holistic approach

A

an integrated perspective that assumes interrelationships among parts of a subject including both biological and cultural aspects.

eg. cultural artifact and layers of symbolic reasoning (physical/material, sumbolic, socially constructed)

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4
Q

emergent properties

A

characteristics of culture that are not innate elements of the individual characteristics (materials, symbols) but come about because of their display or use within a social construct

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5
Q

four subfields of anthropology

A

The four subfields of anthropology are archaeology, physical/biological, linguistic, and cultural

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6
Q

foundations of cultural anthropology

A
  • cultrure
  • symbols
  • values, norms, traditions
  • institutions
  • cultural relativism
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7
Q

culture

A

culture is the patterns of learned and shared beliefs and behavior

culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural

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8
Q

naturalness of beliefs and actions are “artificial”, in that they are

A

arbitrary, they are variable across social groups, and they can change quickly

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9
Q

presenting culture as a dynamic and emergent process based on social relationships leads anthropologists to study

A

the ways cultures are constantly created and recreated in people’s lives

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10
Q

symbol

A

a symbol is something (object, idea, image, figure, character) that conventionally, and arbitrarily, stands for comething else.

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11
Q

symbols can and do change, but

A
  • symbols are stable because people may rely on using them (currency)
  • symbols are easily remembered (used)
  • symbols preserve a culture’s conventional meanings (used by powerful, older, privleged)
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12
Q

Clifford Geertz’s interpretive theory of culture is the idea that

A

culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols

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13
Q

types of symbolic patterns

A
  • values
  • norms
  • traditions

culture is comprised of a dynamic and interrelated set of social, economic, and belief structures

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14
Q

values

A

symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities

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15
Q

norms

A

typical patterns of behavior, viewed by participants as the unwritten rules of everday life.

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16
Q

traditions

A

the most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture.

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17
Q

social institutions

A

the organized stes of social relationships that like indiiduals to each other in a structured way in a particular society. (patterns of kinship and marriage, economic activities, religious institutios, political forms)

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18
Q

applied cultural anthropology

A

the component of anthropology that focuses on resolving societal problems

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19
Q

what sets cultural anthropology apart?

A
  • ethnographical and ethnological approaches
  • the essential perspective of cultural relativism
  • advocacy for maintaining cultural diversity
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20
Q

ethnocentrism

A

the assumption that one’s own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people’s practices or views as wrong or ignorant.

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21
Q

cultural relativism

A

interpreting another culture using their goals, values, and beliefs rather than our own to make sense of what people say and do.

  • serves as a cognitive tool to help us understand why people think and act as they do
  • one gains the abiltiy to use cultural relativism through the exposure to “other” ways of living. This is why cultural anthropology values a cross cultural perspective
  • the goal is to develop an understanding eye and ear for appreciating cultural differences in symbolic meaning
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22
Q

absolute cultural relativism

A
  • whatever goes on in a culture must not be questioned by outsiders
  • extreme: genocide of holocaust from the view point of Nazi culture?
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23
Q

critical cultural relativism

A
  • poses questions about cultural practices in terms of who is accepting them and why.
  • recognizes power relationships (oppressors, victims)
  • a critique of absolute cultural relativism
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24
Q

limits of cultural relativism

A

some cultural practices that lead to harm (such as genocide) are morally indefensible in any context.

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25
Q

distinctive features of ethnography

A
  • means “culture writing”
  • the descriptive study of one culture, subculture, or microculture based on fieldwork
  • provides a first-hand, detailed description of a living culture
  • based on first hand research
26
Q

distinctive features of ethnology

A
  • the comparative study of cultures; it presents analytical generalizations about human culture (marriage forms, economic practices, religion etc.)
  • uses ethnographic material
27
Q

etic view of culture

A
  • data gathering by outsiders that yields answers to particular questions posed by outsiders
  • an outsiders view of culture
28
Q

emic view of culture

A
  • descriptive reports about what insiders say and understand about their culture
  • “people’s talk”, an insiders view of culture
29
Q

cultural imperialism

A

situation in which a dominant culture claims supremacy over minority cultures and makes changes in both its culture and the minority culture(s) that serve its own interests at the expense of the minority culture (ex. missions, colonialism)

30
Q

diversity refers to

A

multiplicity and variety, which is not the same as difference. Within multiplicity and variey, there is both difference and similarity

31
Q

cultural survival

A

nongovernmental organization aiming to preserve cultural diversity

32
Q

three tenets of cultural anthropology for the study of culture

A
  • holism
  • diversity
  • change
33
Q

holism

A

broad and interconnected view of the human experience, that integrates biological, cultural and dynamic temporal aspects of humanity into a whole with emergent properties (symbolism)

34
Q

diversity

A

use the comparative method of ethnology to study cultural similarities and differences. Use the concept of cultural relativism as a way to understand a culture in it’s own terns, rather than impose ones own alien or outside categories and interpretations. The opposite of relativism is ethnocentrism. When you see the world using only your own categores and meaning

35
Q

change

A

culture is not stagnant.

36
Q

cultural evolution

A

culture adapts to physical, biological, and cultural forces over time. Individuals have “power” to cause or create cultural change

37
Q

homogeneous culture/heterogeneous culture

A

culture informs the stories you tell yourself about the world around you. It is shared with people around you.

38
Q

culture is

A
  • learned (active teaching and passive “habitus”)
  • shared (defines a group, meets common needs)
  • patterned (reoccurance of similar ideas)
  • adaptive (helps individuals meet needs across variable environments)
  • symbolic (simple and arbitrary signs represent something else, something more)
  • everything people have (material posseessions)
  • everything people think (ideas, values, and attitudes)
  • everything people do (behavior patterns)
39
Q

layers of meaning

A

symbols may have different meaning to different individuals

40
Q

symbols help people

A

identify, sort, and classify things, ideas, and behaviors

41
Q

familial culture

A

the culture you share with your family, your learning context, people who share your language (primary shared symbolic system)

42
Q

enculturation

A

the process of learning the cultural rules and logic of a society, which begins at birth

43
Q

proscribed enculturation

A

prohibited behaviors and beliefs

44
Q

prescribed enculturation

A

encouraged behaviors and beliefs

45
Q

subculture

A

a subdivision in complex diverse societies that shares some features with the larger society and also differsin some important respects. ex. Cuban Americans

46
Q

In heterogeneous cultures you may participate in multiple________if they differ from familial culture you learn through acculturation

A

subcultures

47
Q

cultural universals

A

general learned behavior patterns that are shared by all of humanity (because they solve problems shared by all human societies)

48
Q

Human Biology and Culture: Biological capacity for culture (Potts, 1996)

A
  1. transmission
  2. memory
  3. reiteration
  4. innovation
  5. selection
49
Q

nature and/or nurture

A
  • are intertwined processes
  • nature and nurture, biology and culture work together to shape human lives
  • biology predisposes, it does not determine, making possible broad variation or human natures
  • human brains grow and develop substantially after birth (75%)
50
Q

how is culture coevolved with human biology

A

culture: ideas/symbols and agency/behavior

human biology: brain, language, fine motor dexterity, strength, visual aculty, diet/nutrition, behaviors-parenting, hunting, sharing…ideas…institutions

51
Q

adaption

A

the way that humans cope with (or productively interact with) the environment. Adaption allows humans to satisfy basic needs in varying environments

52
Q

human environments include:

A
  • the natural or biological ecology
  • the human or political-economic ecology
53
Q

human adaptive modalities and rate of change

A
  1. genetically over generations (20+ years)
  2. developmentally (malnourished-short stature)
  3. physiologically (cold-shiver, altitude-Hbg)
  4. via culture and technology
54
Q

internal changes (process of culture change)

A

inventions and innovations (can spread to other cultures. Changes may be deliberate or unintentional)

55
Q

external changes (process of culture change)

A

cultural diffusion (spreading of cultural elements from one culture to another. Diffusion is responsible for the greatest amount of change in a society)

56
Q

acculturation

A

a specific form of cultural diffusion in which a subordinate culture adopts many of the cultural traits of a more powerful culture

57
Q

linked changes (process of culture change)

A

changes in one part of a culture brought about by changes in other parts

58
Q

___________can lead to the evolution of anything

A

punishment

59
Q

biocultural synthesis

A

a theory which explains the human condition by understaning how biology and evolution predispose and culture offers working rules

  • pysiological facets
  • cultural conditions
  • personal culture
60
Q

culture-bound syndromes

A

mental illnesses unique to a culture. Different cultures have various ways of treating and handling culture bound syndromes.

61
Q
A

Anthropology 201 (10 decks)

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