Exam 3 review Flashcards
social stratification
the classification of people into unequal groupings
racism
the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequalities
racialization
the social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings
race
a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences
prejudice
preformed, usually unfavorable opinions about people who are different
naturalization
the social processes through which something, such as race, becomes part of the natural order of things
ethnicity
belonging to a group with particular history and social status
discrimination
the negative or unfair treatment of an individual because of his or her membership in a particular social group or category
class
the hierarchical distinctions between social groups in society usually based on wealth, occupation, and social standing
caste
the system of social stratification found in Indian society that divides people into categories according to moral purity and pollution
violence
the use of force to harm someone or something
tribe
a type of pastoralist or horticulturist society with populations usually numbering in the hundreds or thousands in which leadership is more stable than that of a band but usually egalitarian, with social relations based on reciprocal exchange
structural power
power that not only operates within settings by also organizes and orchestrates the settings in which social and individual action take place
structural-functionalism
and anthropological theory that the different structures or institutions or a society (religion, politics, kinship, etc.) function to maintain social order and equilibrium
state
the most complex form of political organization, associated with societies that have intensive agriculture, high levels of social stratification, and centralized authority
politics
those relationships ad processes by which people create, compete, and use power to attain goals that are presumed to be for the good of a community
political power
the process by which people create, compete, and use power to attain goals that are presumed to be for the good of a community
noncentralized political system
a political system, such as a band or a tribe, in which power and control over resources are dispersed between members of the society
negotiation
a form of dispute management in which the parties themselves reach a decision jointly
nation-states
independent states recognized by other states, composed of people who share a single national identity
mediation
entails a third party who intervenes in a dispute to help the parties reach an agreement and restore harmony
laws
a set of rules established by some formal authority
government
a separate legal and constitutional domain that is the source of law, order, and legitimate force
chiefdom
a political system with a hereditary leader who holds central authority, typically supported by a class of high-ranking elites, informal laws, and a simple judicial system, often numbering in the tens of thousands with the beginnings of intensive agriculture and some specialization
