Exam 3 review

Question 1

social stratification

Answer 1

the classification of people into unequal groupings

Question 2

racism

Answer 2

the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequalities

Question 3

racialization

Answer 3

the social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings

Question 4

race

Answer 4

a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences

Question 5

prejudice

Answer 5

preformed, usually unfavorable opinions about people who are different

Question 6

naturalization

Answer 6

the social processes through which something, such as race, becomes part of the natural order of things

Question 7

ethnicity

Answer 7

belonging to a group with particular history and social status

Question 8

discrimination

Answer 8

the negative or unfair treatment of an individual because of his or her membership in a particular social group or category

Question 9

class

Answer 9

the hierarchical distinctions between social groups in society usually based on wealth, occupation, and social standing

Question 10

caste

Answer 10

the system of social stratification found in Indian society that divides people into categories according to moral purity and pollution

Question 11

violence

Answer 11

the use of force to harm someone or something

Question 12

tribe

Answer 12

a type of pastoralist or horticulturist society with populations usually numbering in the hundreds or thousands in which leadership is more stable than that of a band but usually egalitarian, with social relations based on reciprocal exchange

Question 13

structural power

Answer 13

power that not only operates within settings by also organizes and orchestrates the settings in which social and individual action take place

Question 14

structural-functionalism

Answer 14

and anthropological theory that the different structures or institutions or a society (religion, politics, kinship, etc.) function to maintain social order and equilibrium

Question 15

state

Answer 15

the most complex form of political organization, associated with societies that have intensive agriculture, high levels of social stratification, and centralized authority

Question 16

politics

Answer 16

those relationships ad processes by which people create, compete, and use power to attain goals that are presumed to be for the good of a community

Question 17

political power

Answer 17

the process by which people create, compete, and use power to attain goals that are presumed to be for the good of a community

Question 18

noncentralized political system

Answer 18

a political system, such as a band or a tribe, in which power and control over resources are dispersed between members of the society

Question 19

negotiation

Answer 19

a form of dispute management in which the parties themselves reach a decision jointly

Question 20

nation-states

Answer 20

independent states recognized by other states, composed of people who share a single national identity

Question 21

mediation

Answer 21

entails a third party who intervenes in a dispute to help the parties reach an agreement and restore harmony

Question 22

laws

Answer 22

a set of rules established by some formal authority

Question 23

government

Answer 23

a separate legal and constitutional domain that is the source of law, order, and legitimate force

Question 24

chiefdom

Answer 24

a political system with a hereditary leader who holds central authority, typically supported by a class of high-ranking elites, informal laws, and a simple judicial system, often numbering in the tens of thousands with the beginnings of intensive agriculture and some specialization