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A+P 2 FINAL > Lecture: Reproductive System / Fetal Development > Flashcards

Lecture: Reproductive System / Fetal Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are specialized reproductive cells?

A

Gametes

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2
Q

What are reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones?

A

Gonads

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3
Q

What is the function of ducts?

A

Receive and transport gametes

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4
Q

What is the function of the general accessory glands/organs?

A

Secrete fluids into ducts/ excretory ducts

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5
Q

What constitutes the reproductive tract?

A

Reproductive ducts and the chambers that lead to the outside

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6
Q

What is the male gamete?

A

sperm

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7
Q

What is “emission”?

A

When sperm is released into the ducts, where it is mixed with excretions from accessory glands to form semen.

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8
Q

___1___ secrete male hormones called ___2___ the most important of which is ___3___.

A
  1. Testes 2. Androgens 3. Testosterone
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9
Q

What is an immature female gamete?

A

An oocyte

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10
Q

What are the female gonads?

A

The ovaries

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11
Q

What are the male gonads?

A

The testes

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12
Q

___1___ secrete female sex hormones, the most important of which are___2___ and ___3___.

A
  1. Ovaries 2. Estrogen 3. Progesterone
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13
Q

Where does an oocyte travel?

A

The oocyte travels through 1 of 2 uterine tubes to the uterus

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14
Q

What happens to the oocyte after sex? (5 steps)

A
  1. Fertilization 2. Becomes ova 3. Becomes embryo 4. Becomes fetus 5. Birth
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15
Q

What 3 parts make up the male duct system?

A
  1. epididymus 2. ductus deferens 3. urethra
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16
Q

What are the 3 male accessory glands?

A
  1. seminal glands 2. prostate 3. bulbo-urethral gland
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17
Q

What are the 2 male external genitals?

A
  1. scrotum 2. penis
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18
Q

Dims of the testes

A

5cm x 3cm x 2.5cm and 10-15 grams each

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19
Q

What is the pair of structures between the entrance of inguinal canal into the scrotum?

A

Spermatic cords

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20
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels within spermatic cords?

A
  1. Deferential artery 2. Testicular artery 3. Pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein
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21
Q

What innervates the spermatic cord?

A

The genitofemoral nerve

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22
Q

What are the spermatic cords made of?

A
  1. Layers of fascia / muscle 2. Ductus deferens 3. Blood vessels
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23
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

Protruding visceral tissues/organs into the canal

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24
Q

What forms during development when the testes drop?

A

The inguinal canal

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25
Q

What 2 spaces are linked by the inguinal canal?

A

The scrotal and peritoneal cavity

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26
Q

What divides the 2 scrotal cavities?

A

The raphe of scrotum

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27
Q

What is the role of the raphe of the scrotum?

A

Keeps inflammation from spreading from one testis to the other

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28
Q

What are the 3 layers of the scrotum?

A
  1. Tunica vaginalis 2. Dartos muscle 3. Cremaster muscle
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29
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

A serous membrane that lines the scrotal cavity, preventing friction

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30
Q

What is the dartos muscle?

A

A smooth muscle layer in the scrotum that causes wrinkling of the skin

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31
Q

What is the cremaster muscle

A

A skeletal muscle deep to the dermis tenses the scrotum and raises it toward the body

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32
Q

At what temperature does sperm develop?

A

1.1°C lower than body temperature

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33
Q

What is tunica albuginea made of and where is it?

A

It is a dense connective tissue layer in the testes, deep to the tunica vaginalis (scrotal layer)

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34
Q

What does the tunica albuginea form and what is its role?

A

It forms the septa testis (fibrous partitions) and supports blood vessels, lymphatics, and efferent ductules.

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35
Q

What are inside the lobules of the testes?

A

approx 800 seminiferous tubules

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36
Q

Where in the gonads does sperm production take place?

A

In the seminiferous tubules

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37
Q

Seminiferous tubules merge into __________.

A

Straight tubules

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38
Q

What is the rete testis?

A

Maze of passageways formed by the straight tubules

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39
Q

What connects the rete testis to the epididymus?

A

15-20 efferent ductules

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40
Q

What is between the coiled seminiferous tubules?

A
  1. Connective tissue capsule surrounds tubules 2. Areolar tissue 3. Blood vessels 4. Leydig cells
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41
Q

What are leydig cells and what do they produce?

A

Interstitial endocrine cells that produce androgens

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42
Q

What structure is the first of the male reproductive tract?

A

The epididymus

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43
Q

What is the epididymus?

A

A coiled tube bound to the posterior border of each testis

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44
Q

What is the specific function of the head of the epididymus?

A

Receive sperm from the efferent ducts

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45
Q

What is the specific function of the tail of the epididymus? (2)

A

Connect to ductus deferens and temporarily store sperm

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46
Q

What is the function of the epididymus? (3)

A
  1. Monitor and adjust composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules.
  2. Recycling center for damaged sperm
  3. Stores/protects sperm and facilitates maturation
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47
Q

What kind of epithelial cells line the epididymus?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with stereo cilia for increased absorption/secretion of tubule fluid

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48
Q

What 2 mechanisms transport sperm through the epididymus?

A
  1. Peristalsis 2. Fluid movement
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49
Q

How long is the ductus deferens and where does it start/lead?

A

40-45cm long, begins @ tail of epididymus, is part of the spermatic cord and ascends through the inguinal canal

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50
Q

What is the ampulla of the ductus deferens?

A

Enlarged lumen of the ductus deferens just before the prostate and seminal glands where sperm can be stored for months

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51
Q

What kind of epithelial cells line the ductus deferens?

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

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52
Q

How long is the male urethra and where does it start/lead?

A

18-20cm from bladder to tip of the penis

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53
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the male urethra?

A
  1. Prostatic 2. Spongy 3. Membranous
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54
Q

How much of the fluid in semen is produced by accessory glands?

A

95%

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55
Q

What are the functions of the male accessory glands? (4)

A
  1. Activate sperm
  2. Provide nutrients sperm need for motility
  3. Propel fluid along tract
  4. Produce buffers that counter acidity in urethral/vaginal space
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56
Q

What are the seminal vesicles? (dims)

A

15cm tubular glands embedded in connective tissue

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57
Q

What is exceptional about the epithelial lining of the seminal vesicles?

A

Extensive folds in epithelial lining are very actively secretory

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58
Q

Which accessory gland produces the majority of semen volume?

A

the seminal vesicles

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59
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles discharge?

A

Through the ejaculatory duct @ the juncture of the seminal gland and the ampulla of the ductus deferens

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60
Q

What is the small muscular organ, 4cm in diameter that encircles the proximal portion of the urethra?

A

The prostate

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61
Q

What is prostatic tissue made of? (2)

A

30-50 compound tubule alveolar glands

surrounded by smooth muscle fiber

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62
Q

How much of semen volume is produced by the prostate?

A

25%

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63
Q

Which of the 3 components of seminal fluid is acidic?

A

prostatic fluid

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64
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

Inflammation of the prostate causing pain. Common in older men but can happen at any age, is often mistaken for cancer.

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65
Q

What is another name for bulbo urethral glands?

A

Cowper’s glands

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66
Q

What are the bulbo urethral glands? (dims)

A

10mm diameter, compound tubular mucus glands

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67
Q

Where are the bulbo urethral glands located?

A

At the base of the penis, traveling along the spongy urethra

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68
Q

What is secreted by the bulbo urethral glands and what does it do?

A

Thick alkaline mucus, which neutralizes acids and lubricates the tip of the penis

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69
Q

How much semen volume per ejaculation?

A

2-5mL

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70
Q

What is indicated by low semen volume?

A

Problems with the prostate or seminal glands

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71
Q

How much sperm in a typical ejaculation?

A

20-100 million

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72
Q

What percent of sperm is normal / active in a typical ejaculation?

A

60%

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73
Q

What are 4 components of seminal fluid (not the fluids themselves)

A
  1. Fructose
  2. Prostaglandins
  3. Fibrinnogen
  4. Enzymes
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74
Q

What is the function of fructose in seminal fluid?

A

Provide ‘food’ for sperm

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75
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins in seminal fluid?

A

Stimulate muscle contractions in the female and male reproductive tracts

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76
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen in seminal fluid?

A

Forms temporary semen clot in the vagina

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77
Q

What are the enzymes found in seminal fluid? (4)

A
  1. Proteases
  2. Prostatic enzymes
  3. Fibrinolysin
  4. Seminal plasmin antibiotic protein
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78
Q

What is the function of proteases in seminal fluid?

A

Dissolve vaginal mucus

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79
Q

What is the function of seminal plasmin antibiotic protein in seminal fluid?

A

Prevent UTI (maybe)

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80
Q

What is the function of prostatic enzymes in seminal fluid?

A

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

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81
Q

What is the function of proteases in fibrinolysin?

A

Liquifies clotted semen after 15-30 minutes

82
Q

What is the tubular organ for intercourse and urination?

A

Penis

83
Q

What secretes smegma?

A

Preputial glands

84
Q

What is another word for prepuce?

A

Foreskin

85
Q

What do testes produce? (2)

A

Spem and Hormones

86
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A

Ova and hormones

87
Q

What transports ova?

A

Uterine tube transports ova

88
Q

Includes all chambers and passageways that connect ducts to the exterior of the body

A

Reproductive tract

89
Q

Women produce 1 ______ per month

A

Gamete

90
Q

How many sperm is produced per day?

A

1/2 billion sperm

91
Q

How much sperm is in a typical ejaculation?

A

3-5 million

92
Q

What is the male sex hormone?

A

Androgen

93
Q

What is the male gamete?

A

spermatozoa or sperm

94
Q

Trace the spermatozoa out of the body: (5 steps)

A
  1. Testis 2. Epididymis 3. Ductus deferens (vas deferens) 4. Ejaculatory duct 5. Urethra
95
Q

What are the 3 male accessory organs?

A
  1. Seminal glands (vesicles) 2. Prostate gland 3. Bulbo-urethral glands
96
Q

The male external genitalia (2)

A
  1. Scrotum 2. Penis
97
Q

Where does the embryo develop, specifically?

A

The posterior wall of the body of the uterus

98
Q

How long does prenatal development take?

A

38w

99
Q

How long is the duration of pregnancy

A

280 +/-14 days

100
Q

Where do the testes develop in the body?

A

In the abdomen adjacent to kidneys

101
Q

What is gubernaculum testis?

A

a bundle of connective tissue fibers Extends from testis to pockets of peritoneum Locks testes in position (near anterior abdominal wall) as fetus grows

102
Q

What system triggers sexual maturation?

A

The endocrine system

103
Q

When do the testes descend?

A

During seventh month after fertilization

104
Q

Where are reproductive hormones secreted from?

A

The gonads and the anterior pituitary gland

105
Q

What is a male inguinal hernias?

A

protrusions of visceral tissues into inguinal canal and Spermatic cord (in closed inguinal canal)

106
Q

The process by which sperm is produced and matures

A

Spermatogenesis

107
Q

Where does Spermatogenesis begin?

A

At the outermost cell layer in seminiferous tubules Proceeds toward lumen

108
Q

What is a raphe?

A

a raised thickening in scrotal surface, marking the partition of two scrotal chambers

109
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

A serous membrane that lines the scrotal cavity

110
Q

What is the Dartos Muscle?

A

A layer of smooth muscle in the dermis of scrotum

111
Q

What causes the the wrinkling of scrotal surface?

A

the Dartos Muscle

112
Q

What is the Cremaster Muscle?

A

A layer of skeletal muscle that tenses the scrotum and pulls them closer to body

113
Q

Spermatogonia are __1___ that divide by ___2___

A
  1. Primary stem cells 2. Mitosis
114
Q

The process by which ovum is produced and matures

A

Oogenesis

115
Q

How long is each seminiferous tubule?

A

Each is about 80 cm (32 in.) long

116
Q

What are the contents of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatogonia Spermatocytes at various stages of meiosis Spermatids Spermatozoa Large nurse cells

117
Q

Spermatogenesis involves what three integrated processes?

A

Mitosis Meiosis Spermiogenesis

118
Q

Six Major Functions of Nurse Cells (

A 
Maintain blood–testis barrier 
Support mitosis and meiosis 
Support spermiogenesis 
Secrete inhibin 
Secrete androgen—binding protein (ABP) 
Secrete Müllerian—inhibiting factor (MIF)
119
Q

A peptide hormone secreted by nurse cells

A

Inhibin

120
Q

The hormone Inhibin

A

Depresses pituitary production of FSH

2. Hypothalamic secretion of GnRH

121
Q

Location of the ovaries

A

Right and left iliac region

122
Q

Describe the ovaries of a girl who has yet to ovulate? Why?

A

Smooth surface, ovulation causes scar tissue

123
Q

3 layers of the ovaries from outward to inward

A
  1. Germinal epithelium 2. tunica albuginea 3. cortex
124
Q

Define ovulation

A

Liberation of the ovum

125
Q

If a woman has a 28 day cycle, when is ovulation?

A

Around day 14

126
Q

The beginning of the bleeding of the previous cycle

A

Day zero of the menstrual cycle

127
Q

Follicle - Ovum =

A

Corpus Luteum

128
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

A

It lasts for 4-6 week to support growth of the embryo

129
Q

Where does fertilization usually occur?

A

Near the boundary between ampulla and isthmus in the uterine tube

130
Q

How long does an ovum remain viable

A

36-48 hours as long as it is in the tube

131
Q

3 parts of the uterine tube from proximal to distal

A

Infundibulum > ampulla > isthmus

132
Q

Middle segment, smooth muscles layers in wall become thicker approaching uterus

A

Ampulla

133
Q

Short segment between ampulla and uterine wall

A

Isthmus

134
Q

Expanded funnel near ovary with fimbriae that extend into pelvic cavity

A

Infundibulum

135
Q

Inflammation of the uterine tube

A

Salphingitis

136
Q

Epithelium of the uterine tube contains scattered

A

Mucin-secreting cells

137
Q

Muscos of the uterine tube is surrounded by

A

Concentric layers of smooth muscle

138
Q

_____ of the ______ in the lining uterine tube beat toward the middle segment

A

Cilia infundibulum

139
Q

3 parts of the uterus

A
  1. Fundus 2. Body 3. Cervix
140
Q

Opening of the cervix into the vagina vs into the uterus

A
  1. External os 2. Internal os
141
Q

What is the fornix?

A

“extra space” around the to accommodate

142
Q

What region is the uterus located?

A

Hypogastric region

143
Q

2 ligaments stabilizing

A

Broad ligament and ovarian ligament

144
Q

Which ligament connects the ovary and uterus?

A

Broad ligament

145
Q

What happens to the uterus in old age?

A

Becomes smaller and more dense

146
Q

Elastic fibromuscular tube

A

The vagina

147
Q

Thin annular fold of mucuous membrane

A

Hymen

148
Q

Most common type of cancer in women

A

Cervical cancer

149
Q

Another name for the skene glands

A

Paraurethral glands or the LESSER urethral glands

150
Q

Each developing ovum gives rise to

A

4 cells, 3 are polar bodies

151
Q

Maturation of ova is controlled by ________ (hormone)

A

FSH

152
Q

Primary Amenorrhea

A

Failure to initiate menses

153
Q

Transient Amenorrhea

A

Interruption of menses for 6 months or more

154
Q

Where is milk released through the breast?

A

10-14 openings surrounding the nipple

155
Q

When does milk production begin?

A

Third trimester

156
Q

Another name for the pre-ovulatory phase

A

Follicular phase

157
Q

Another name for the post-ovulatory phase

A

Luteal phase

158
Q

Hot flash

A

A sensation of heat due to the cessation of estrogen/progesterone

159
Q

During menopause _______ become less responsive to ______

A
  1. Ovaries 2. Gonadotropin hormones
160
Q

By the time the zygote reaches the uterus, how many cells is it?

A

32

161
Q

What forms the placenta?

A

OUTER CELL MASS (trophoblast)> chorion > placenta sure

162
Q

The inner cell mass turns into what three layers?

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

163
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

Skin and nervous system

164
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

Muscle, bone, blood

165
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Internal organs

166
Q

Perturition

A

Process by which baby is born.

167
Q

The most important hormone that causes labor pain and contractions

A

Oxytocin wtf

168
Q

Which of the 3 components of seminal fluid prevents sperm coagulation in the vagina?

A

prostatic fluid

169
Q

What is corona radiata?

A

A protective layer of follicle cells around the secondary oocyte during ovulation

170
Q

sperm receptors in the secondary oocyte

A

zona pellucida

171
Q

What occurs during oocyte activation?

A

The cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions, which depolarizes the cell and causes the release of calcium ions

172
Q

Following fertilization, what process turns the oocyte into an ovum?

A

meiosis 2

173
Q

Name two sperm enzymes that are important to secondary oocyte penetration

A

hyaluronidase and acrosin

174
Q

A human zygote contains how many chromosomes?

A

46

175
Q

What is the term for pre-natal development?

A

Gestation (three trimesters)

176
Q

During what trimester do the beginnings of major organs appear?

A

1st trimester

177
Q

During what trimester is there rapid fetal growth and deposition of adipose tissue?

A

3rd trimester

178
Q

Which trimester is dominated by fetal organ growth?

A

2nd trimester

179
Q

When does the fetus look human?

A

End of 2nd trimester

180
Q

What are the 4 general processes of the 1st trimester?

A
  1. Cleavage
  2. Implantation
  3. Placentation
  4. Embryogenesis
181
Q

What is the product of 3 days of cleavage?

A

A morula

182
Q

The __1__ reaches the uterus around day __2__

A
  1. morula

2. 4 or 5

183
Q

When and where is a blastocyst formed?

A

In the uterus around day 6 before implantation

184
Q

What are the cells that make up a morula?

A

Blastomeres

185
Q

Inner cellular layer of trophoblast

A

cytotrophoblast

186
Q

What is formed when the trophoblast fully detaches from the inner cell mass?

A

The amniotic cavity

187
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

From day 7-10 following fertilization

188
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

From implantation to week 9

189
Q

When does gastrulation occur and what is it?

A

Day 15

The formation of the germ layers: endoderm, the mesoderm, and the ectoderm

190
Q

What eventually forms the body of the embryo?

A

The embryonic disc

191
Q

What 4 things make up the extra embryonic membranes?

A
  1. yolk sac
  2. amnion
  3. allantois
  4. chorion
192
Q

Portion of the endometrium that has no contact with the chorion

A

parietal decidua

193
Q

What 3 things remain inside the umbillical cord?

A
  1. allantois
  2. yolk stalk
  3. placental blood vessels
194
Q

What is the formation of organs called?

A

organogenesis

195
Q

Alternate name for “false labor”

A

Braxton Hicks contractions

196
Q

What are the 3 stages of labor? How long is each?

A
  1. The dilation stage (8 hours)
  2. The expulsion stage (2 hours)
  3. The placental stage (1 hour after birth)
197
Q

How dilated is the woman during the expulsion stage?

A

4 in or 10cm

198
Q

What is premature delivery?

A

Birth at 28-36 weeks

199
Q

What is a breech birth? What is the risk?

A

3-4% are born Legs first, the umbilical cord can become constricted, cutting off placental blood flow

200
Q

What do infants drink in the first 2 months of life and how is it different from breast milk?

A

Colostrum contains more protein and less fat, it contains antibodies

A+P 2 FINAL (3 decks)

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