Lecture: Reproductive System / Fetal Development Flashcards
What are specialized reproductive cells?
Gametes
What are reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones?
Gonads
What is the function of ducts?
Receive and transport gametes
What is the function of the general accessory glands/organs?
Secrete fluids into ducts/ excretory ducts
What constitutes the reproductive tract?
Reproductive ducts and the chambers that lead to the outside
What is the male gamete?
sperm
What is “emission”?
When sperm is released into the ducts, where it is mixed with excretions from accessory glands to form semen.
___1___ secrete male hormones called ___2___ the most important of which is ___3___.
- Testes 2. Androgens 3. Testosterone
What is an immature female gamete?
An oocyte
What are the female gonads?
The ovaries
What are the male gonads?
The testes
___1___ secrete female sex hormones, the most important of which are___2___ and ___3___.
- Ovaries 2. Estrogen 3. Progesterone
Where does an oocyte travel?
The oocyte travels through 1 of 2 uterine tubes to the uterus
What happens to the oocyte after sex? (5 steps)
- Fertilization 2. Becomes ova 3. Becomes embryo 4. Becomes fetus 5. Birth
What 3 parts make up the male duct system?
- epididymus 2. ductus deferens 3. urethra
What are the 3 male accessory glands?
- seminal glands 2. prostate 3. bulbo-urethral gland
What are the 2 male external genitals?
- scrotum 2. penis
Dims of the testes
5cm x 3cm x 2.5cm and 10-15 grams each
What is the pair of structures between the entrance of inguinal canal into the scrotum?
Spermatic cords
What are the 3 blood vessels within spermatic cords?
- Deferential artery 2. Testicular artery 3. Pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein
What innervates the spermatic cord?
The genitofemoral nerve
What are the spermatic cords made of?
- Layers of fascia / muscle 2. Ductus deferens 3. Blood vessels
What is an inguinal hernia?
Protruding visceral tissues/organs into the canal
What forms during development when the testes drop?
The inguinal canal
What 2 spaces are linked by the inguinal canal?
The scrotal and peritoneal cavity
What divides the 2 scrotal cavities?
The raphe of scrotum
What is the role of the raphe of the scrotum?
Keeps inflammation from spreading from one testis to the other
What are the 3 layers of the scrotum?
- Tunica vaginalis 2. Dartos muscle 3. Cremaster muscle
What is the tunica vaginalis?
A serous membrane that lines the scrotal cavity, preventing friction
What is the dartos muscle?
A smooth muscle layer in the scrotum that causes wrinkling of the skin
What is the cremaster muscle
A skeletal muscle deep to the dermis tenses the scrotum and raises it toward the body
At what temperature does sperm develop?
1.1°C lower than body temperature
What is tunica albuginea made of and where is it?
It is a dense connective tissue layer in the testes, deep to the tunica vaginalis (scrotal layer)
What does the tunica albuginea form and what is its role?
It forms the septa testis (fibrous partitions) and supports blood vessels, lymphatics, and efferent ductules.
What are inside the lobules of the testes?
approx 800 seminiferous tubules
Where in the gonads does sperm production take place?
In the seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules merge into __________.
Straight tubules
What is the rete testis?
Maze of passageways formed by the straight tubules
What connects the rete testis to the epididymus?
15-20 efferent ductules
What is between the coiled seminiferous tubules?
- Connective tissue capsule surrounds tubules 2. Areolar tissue 3. Blood vessels 4. Leydig cells
What are leydig cells and what do they produce?
Interstitial endocrine cells that produce androgens
What structure is the first of the male reproductive tract?
The epididymus
What is the epididymus?
A coiled tube bound to the posterior border of each testis
What is the specific function of the head of the epididymus?
Receive sperm from the efferent ducts
What is the specific function of the tail of the epididymus? (2)
Connect to ductus deferens and temporarily store sperm
What is the function of the epididymus? (3)
- Monitor and adjust composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules.
- Recycling center for damaged sperm
- Stores/protects sperm and facilitates maturation
What kind of epithelial cells line the epididymus?
Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with stereo cilia for increased absorption/secretion of tubule fluid
What 2 mechanisms transport sperm through the epididymus?
- Peristalsis 2. Fluid movement
How long is the ductus deferens and where does it start/lead?
40-45cm long, begins @ tail of epididymus, is part of the spermatic cord and ascends through the inguinal canal
What is the ampulla of the ductus deferens?
Enlarged lumen of the ductus deferens just before the prostate and seminal glands where sperm can be stored for months
What kind of epithelial cells line the ductus deferens?
Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
How long is the male urethra and where does it start/lead?
18-20cm from bladder to tip of the penis
What are the 3 divisions of the male urethra?
- Prostatic 2. Spongy 3. Membranous
How much of the fluid in semen is produced by accessory glands?
95%
What are the functions of the male accessory glands? (4)
- Activate sperm
- Provide nutrients sperm need for motility
- Propel fluid along tract
- Produce buffers that counter acidity in urethral/vaginal space
What are the seminal vesicles? (dims)
15cm tubular glands embedded in connective tissue
What is exceptional about the epithelial lining of the seminal vesicles?
Extensive folds in epithelial lining are very actively secretory
Which accessory gland produces the majority of semen volume?
the seminal vesicles
Where do the seminal vesicles discharge?
Through the ejaculatory duct @ the juncture of the seminal gland and the ampulla of the ductus deferens
What is the small muscular organ, 4cm in diameter that encircles the proximal portion of the urethra?
The prostate
What is prostatic tissue made of? (2)
30-50 compound tubule alveolar glands
surrounded by smooth muscle fiber
How much of semen volume is produced by the prostate?
25%
Which of the 3 components of seminal fluid is acidic?
prostatic fluid
What is prostatitis?
Inflammation of the prostate causing pain. Common in older men but can happen at any age, is often mistaken for cancer.
What is another name for bulbo urethral glands?
Cowper’s glands
What are the bulbo urethral glands? (dims)
10mm diameter, compound tubular mucus glands
Where are the bulbo urethral glands located?
At the base of the penis, traveling along the spongy urethra
What is secreted by the bulbo urethral glands and what does it do?
Thick alkaline mucus, which neutralizes acids and lubricates the tip of the penis
How much semen volume per ejaculation?
2-5mL
What is indicated by low semen volume?
Problems with the prostate or seminal glands
How much sperm in a typical ejaculation?
20-100 million
What percent of sperm is normal / active in a typical ejaculation?
60%
What are 4 components of seminal fluid (not the fluids themselves)
- Fructose
- Prostaglandins
- Fibrinnogen
- Enzymes
What is the function of fructose in seminal fluid?
Provide ‘food’ for sperm
What is the function of prostaglandins in seminal fluid?
Stimulate muscle contractions in the female and male reproductive tracts
What is the function of fibrinogen in seminal fluid?
Forms temporary semen clot in the vagina
What are the enzymes found in seminal fluid? (4)
- Proteases
- Prostatic enzymes
- Fibrinolysin
- Seminal plasmin antibiotic protein
What is the function of proteases in seminal fluid?
Dissolve vaginal mucus
What is the function of seminal plasmin antibiotic protein in seminal fluid?
Prevent UTI (maybe)
What is the function of prostatic enzymes in seminal fluid?
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
What is the function of proteases in fibrinolysin?
Liquifies clotted semen after 15-30 minutes
What is the tubular organ for intercourse and urination?
Penis
What secretes smegma?
Preputial glands
What is another word for prepuce?
Foreskin
What do testes produce? (2)
Spem and Hormones
What do ovaries produce?
Ova and hormones
What transports ova?
Uterine tube transports ova
Includes all chambers and passageways that connect ducts to the exterior of the body
Reproductive tract
Women produce 1 ______ per month
Gamete
How many sperm is produced per day?
1/2 billion sperm
How much sperm is in a typical ejaculation?
3-5 million
What is the male sex hormone?
Androgen
What is the male gamete?
spermatozoa or sperm
Trace the spermatozoa out of the body: (5 steps)
- Testis 2. Epididymis 3. Ductus deferens (vas deferens) 4. Ejaculatory duct 5. Urethra
What are the 3 male accessory organs?
- Seminal glands (vesicles) 2. Prostate gland 3. Bulbo-urethral glands
The male external genitalia (2)
- Scrotum 2. Penis
Where does the embryo develop, specifically?
The posterior wall of the body of the uterus
How long does prenatal development take?
38w
How long is the duration of pregnancy
280 +/-14 days
Where do the testes develop in the body?
In the abdomen adjacent to kidneys
What is gubernaculum testis?
a bundle of connective tissue fibers Extends from testis to pockets of peritoneum Locks testes in position (near anterior abdominal wall) as fetus grows
What system triggers sexual maturation?
The endocrine system
When do the testes descend?
During seventh month after fertilization
Where are reproductive hormones secreted from?
The gonads and the anterior pituitary gland
What is a male inguinal hernias?
protrusions of visceral tissues into inguinal canal and Spermatic cord (in closed inguinal canal)
The process by which sperm is produced and matures
Spermatogenesis
Where does Spermatogenesis begin?
At the outermost cell layer in seminiferous tubules Proceeds toward lumen
What is a raphe?
a raised thickening in scrotal surface, marking the partition of two scrotal chambers
What is the tunica vaginalis?
A serous membrane that lines the scrotal cavity
What is the Dartos Muscle?
A layer of smooth muscle in the dermis of scrotum
What causes the the wrinkling of scrotal surface?
the Dartos Muscle
What is the Cremaster Muscle?
A layer of skeletal muscle that tenses the scrotum and pulls them closer to body
Spermatogonia are __1___ that divide by ___2___
- Primary stem cells 2. Mitosis
The process by which ovum is produced and matures
Oogenesis
How long is each seminiferous tubule?
Each is about 80 cm (32 in.) long
What are the contents of the seminiferous tubules?
Spermatogonia Spermatocytes at various stages of meiosis Spermatids Spermatozoa Large nurse cells
Spermatogenesis involves what three integrated processes?
Mitosis Meiosis Spermiogenesis
Six Major Functions of Nurse Cells (
Maintain blood–testis barrier Support mitosis and meiosis Support spermiogenesis Secrete inhibin Secrete androgen—binding protein (ABP) Secrete Müllerian—inhibiting factor (MIF)
A peptide hormone secreted by nurse cells
Inhibin
The hormone Inhibin
Depresses pituitary production of FSH
2. Hypothalamic secretion of GnRH
Location of the ovaries
Right and left iliac region
Describe the ovaries of a girl who has yet to ovulate? Why?
Smooth surface, ovulation causes scar tissue
3 layers of the ovaries from outward to inward
- Germinal epithelium 2. tunica albuginea 3. cortex
Define ovulation
Liberation of the ovum
If a woman has a 28 day cycle, when is ovulation?
Around day 14
The beginning of the bleeding of the previous cycle
Day zero of the menstrual cycle
Follicle - Ovum =
Corpus Luteum
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
It lasts for 4-6 week to support growth of the embryo
Where does fertilization usually occur?
Near the boundary between ampulla and isthmus in the uterine tube
How long does an ovum remain viable
36-48 hours as long as it is in the tube
3 parts of the uterine tube from proximal to distal
Infundibulum > ampulla > isthmus
Middle segment, smooth muscles layers in wall become thicker approaching uterus
Ampulla
Short segment between ampulla and uterine wall
Isthmus
Expanded funnel near ovary with fimbriae that extend into pelvic cavity
Infundibulum
Inflammation of the uterine tube
Salphingitis
Epithelium of the uterine tube contains scattered
Mucin-secreting cells
Muscos of the uterine tube is surrounded by
Concentric layers of smooth muscle
_____ of the ______ in the lining uterine tube beat toward the middle segment
Cilia infundibulum
3 parts of the uterus
- Fundus 2. Body 3. Cervix
Opening of the cervix into the vagina vs into the uterus
- External os 2. Internal os
What is the fornix?
“extra space” around the to accommodate
What region is the uterus located?
Hypogastric region
2 ligaments stabilizing
Broad ligament and ovarian ligament
Which ligament connects the ovary and uterus?
Broad ligament
What happens to the uterus in old age?
Becomes smaller and more dense
Elastic fibromuscular tube
The vagina
Thin annular fold of mucuous membrane
Hymen
Most common type of cancer in women
Cervical cancer
Another name for the skene glands
Paraurethral glands or the LESSER urethral glands
Each developing ovum gives rise to
4 cells, 3 are polar bodies
Maturation of ova is controlled by ________ (hormone)
FSH
Primary Amenorrhea
Failure to initiate menses
Transient Amenorrhea
Interruption of menses for 6 months or more
Where is milk released through the breast?
10-14 openings surrounding the nipple
When does milk production begin?
Third trimester
Another name for the pre-ovulatory phase
Follicular phase
Another name for the post-ovulatory phase
Luteal phase
Hot flash
A sensation of heat due to the cessation of estrogen/progesterone
During menopause _______ become less responsive to ______
- Ovaries 2. Gonadotropin hormones
By the time the zygote reaches the uterus, how many cells is it?
32
What forms the placenta?
OUTER CELL MASS (trophoblast)> chorion > placenta sure
The inner cell mass turns into what three layers?
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
What does the ectoderm give rise to?
Skin and nervous system
What does the mesoderm give rise to?
Muscle, bone, blood
What does the endoderm give rise to?
Internal organs
Perturition
Process by which baby is born.
The most important hormone that causes labor pain and contractions
Oxytocin wtf
Which of the 3 components of seminal fluid prevents sperm coagulation in the vagina?
prostatic fluid
What is corona radiata?
A protective layer of follicle cells around the secondary oocyte during ovulation
sperm receptors in the secondary oocyte
zona pellucida
What occurs during oocyte activation?
The cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions, which depolarizes the cell and causes the release of calcium ions
Following fertilization, what process turns the oocyte into an ovum?
meiosis 2
Name two sperm enzymes that are important to secondary oocyte penetration
hyaluronidase and acrosin
A human zygote contains how many chromosomes?
46
What is the term for pre-natal development?
Gestation (three trimesters)
During what trimester do the beginnings of major organs appear?
1st trimester
During what trimester is there rapid fetal growth and deposition of adipose tissue?
3rd trimester
Which trimester is dominated by fetal organ growth?
2nd trimester
When does the fetus look human?
End of 2nd trimester
What are the 4 general processes of the 1st trimester?
- Cleavage
- Implantation
- Placentation
- Embryogenesis
What is the product of 3 days of cleavage?
A morula
The __1__ reaches the uterus around day __2__
- morula
2. 4 or 5
When and where is a blastocyst formed?
In the uterus around day 6 before implantation
What are the cells that make up a morula?
Blastomeres
Inner cellular layer of trophoblast
cytotrophoblast
What is formed when the trophoblast fully detaches from the inner cell mass?
The amniotic cavity
When does implantation occur?
From day 7-10 following fertilization
When is the embryonic period?
From implantation to week 9
When does gastrulation occur and what is it?
Day 15
The formation of the germ layers: endoderm, the mesoderm, and the ectoderm
What eventually forms the body of the embryo?
The embryonic disc
What 4 things make up the extra embryonic membranes?
- yolk sac
- amnion
- allantois
- chorion
Portion of the endometrium that has no contact with the chorion
parietal decidua
What 3 things remain inside the umbillical cord?
- allantois
- yolk stalk
- placental blood vessels
What is the formation of organs called?
organogenesis
Alternate name for “false labor”
Braxton Hicks contractions
What are the 3 stages of labor? How long is each?
- The dilation stage (8 hours)
- The expulsion stage (2 hours)
- The placental stage (1 hour after birth)
How dilated is the woman during the expulsion stage?
4 in or 10cm
What is premature delivery?
Birth at 28-36 weeks
What is a breech birth? What is the risk?
3-4% are born Legs first, the umbilical cord can become constricted, cutting off placental blood flow
What do infants drink in the first 2 months of life and how is it different from breast milk?
Colostrum contains more protein and less fat, it contains antibodies