Lecture: Reproductive System / Fetal Development Flashcards
1
Q
What are specialized reproductive cells?
A
Gametes
2
Q
What are reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones?
A
Gonads
3
Q
What is the function of ducts?
A
Receive and transport gametes
4
Q
What is the function of the general accessory glands/organs?
A
Secrete fluids into ducts/ excretory ducts
5
Q
What constitutes the reproductive tract?
A
Reproductive ducts and the chambers that lead to the outside
6
Q
What is the male gamete?
A
sperm
7
Q
What is “emission”?
A
When sperm is released into the ducts, where it is mixed with excretions from accessory glands to form semen.
8
Q
___1___ secrete male hormones called ___2___ the most important of which is ___3___.
A
- Testes 2. Androgens 3. Testosterone
9
Q
What is an immature female gamete?
A
An oocyte
10
Q
What are the female gonads?
A
The ovaries
11
Q
What are the male gonads?
A
The testes
12
Q
___1___ secrete female sex hormones, the most important of which are___2___ and ___3___.
A
- Ovaries 2. Estrogen 3. Progesterone
13
Q
Where does an oocyte travel?
A
The oocyte travels through 1 of 2 uterine tubes to the uterus
14
Q
What happens to the oocyte after sex? (5 steps)
A
- Fertilization 2. Becomes ova 3. Becomes embryo 4. Becomes fetus 5. Birth
15
Q
What 3 parts make up the male duct system?
A
- epididymus 2. ductus deferens 3. urethra
16
Q
What are the 3 male accessory glands?
A
- seminal glands 2. prostate 3. bulbo-urethral gland
17
Q
What are the 2 male external genitals?
A
- scrotum 2. penis
18
Q
Dims of the testes
A
5cm x 3cm x 2.5cm and 10-15 grams each
19
Q
What is the pair of structures between the entrance of inguinal canal into the scrotum?
A
Spermatic cords
20
Q
What are the 3 blood vessels within spermatic cords?
A
- Deferential artery 2. Testicular artery 3. Pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein
21
Q
What innervates the spermatic cord?
A
The genitofemoral nerve
22
Q
What are the spermatic cords made of?
A
- Layers of fascia / muscle 2. Ductus deferens 3. Blood vessels
23
Q
What is an inguinal hernia?
A
Protruding visceral tissues/organs into the canal
24
Q
What forms during development when the testes drop?
A
The inguinal canal
25
What 2 spaces are linked by the inguinal canal?
The scrotal and peritoneal cavity
26
What divides the 2 scrotal cavities?
The raphe of scrotum
27
What is the role of the raphe of the scrotum?
Keeps inflammation from spreading from one testis to the other
28
What are the 3 layers of the scrotum?
1. Tunica vaginalis 2. Dartos muscle 3. Cremaster muscle
29
What is the tunica vaginalis?
A serous membrane that lines the scrotal cavity, preventing friction
30
What is the dartos muscle?
A smooth muscle layer in the scrotum that causes wrinkling of the skin
31
What is the cremaster muscle
A skeletal muscle deep to the dermis tenses the scrotum and raises it toward the body
32
At what temperature does sperm develop?
1.1°C lower than body temperature
33
What is tunica albuginea made of and where is it?
It is a dense connective tissue layer in the testes, deep to the tunica vaginalis (scrotal layer)
34
What does the tunica albuginea form and what is its role?
It forms the septa testis (fibrous partitions) and supports blood vessels, lymphatics, and efferent ductules.
35
What are inside the lobules of the testes?
approx 800 seminiferous tubules
36
Where in the gonads does sperm production take place?
In the seminiferous tubules
37
Seminiferous tubules merge into __________.
Straight tubules
38
What is the rete testis?
Maze of passageways formed by the straight tubules
39
What connects the rete testis to the epididymus?
15-20 efferent ductules
40
What is between the coiled seminiferous tubules?
1. Connective tissue capsule surrounds tubules 2. Areolar tissue 3. Blood vessels 4. Leydig cells
41
What are leydig cells and what do they produce?
Interstitial endocrine cells that produce androgens
42
What structure is the first of the male reproductive tract?
The epididymus
43
What is the epididymus?
A coiled tube bound to the posterior border of each testis
44
What is the specific function of the head of the epididymus?
Receive sperm from the efferent ducts
45
What is the specific function of the tail of the epididymus? (2)
Connect to ductus deferens and temporarily store sperm
46
What is the function of the epididymus? (3)
1. Monitor and adjust composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules.
2. Recycling center for damaged sperm
3. Stores/protects sperm and facilitates maturation
47
What kind of epithelial cells line the epididymus?
Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with stereo cilia for increased absorption/secretion of tubule fluid
48
What 2 mechanisms transport sperm through the epididymus?
1. Peristalsis 2. Fluid movement
49
How long is the ductus deferens and where does it start/lead?
40-45cm long, begins @ tail of epididymus, is part of the spermatic cord and ascends through the inguinal canal
50
What is the ampulla of the ductus deferens?
Enlarged lumen of the ductus deferens just before the prostate and seminal glands where sperm can be stored for months
51
What kind of epithelial cells line the ductus deferens?
Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
52
How long is the male urethra and where does it start/lead?
18-20cm from bladder to tip of the penis
53
What are the 3 divisions of the male urethra?
1. Prostatic 2. Spongy 3. Membranous
54
How much of the fluid in semen is produced by accessory glands?
95%
55
What are the functions of the male accessory glands? (4)
1. Activate sperm
2. Provide nutrients sperm need for motility
3. Propel fluid along tract
4. Produce buffers that counter acidity in urethral/vaginal space
56
What are the seminal vesicles? (dims)
15cm tubular glands embedded in connective tissue
57
What is exceptional about the epithelial lining of the seminal vesicles?
Extensive folds in epithelial lining are very actively secretory
58
Which accessory gland produces the majority of semen volume?
the seminal vesicles
59
Where do the seminal vesicles discharge?
Through the ejaculatory duct @ the juncture of the seminal gland and the ampulla of the ductus deferens
60
What is the small muscular organ, 4cm in diameter that encircles the proximal portion of the urethra?
The prostate
61
What is prostatic tissue made of? (2)
30-50 compound tubule alveolar glands
surrounded by smooth muscle fiber
62
How much of semen volume is produced by the prostate?
25%
63
Which of the 3 components of seminal fluid is acidic?
prostatic fluid
64
What is prostatitis?
Inflammation of the prostate causing pain. Common in older men but can happen at any age, is often mistaken for cancer.
65
What is another name for bulbo urethral glands?
Cowper’s glands
66
What are the bulbo urethral glands? (dims)
10mm diameter, compound tubular mucus glands
67
Where are the bulbo urethral glands located?
At the base of the penis, traveling along the spongy urethra
68
What is secreted by the bulbo urethral glands and what does it do?
Thick alkaline mucus, which neutralizes acids and lubricates the tip of the penis
69
How much semen volume per ejaculation?
2-5mL
70
What is indicated by low semen volume?
Problems with the prostate or seminal glands
71
How much sperm in a typical ejaculation?
20-100 million
72
What percent of sperm is normal / active in a typical ejaculation?
60%
73
What are 4 components of seminal fluid (not the fluids themselves)
1. Fructose
2. Prostaglandins
3. Fibrinnogen
4. Enzymes
74
What is the function of fructose in seminal fluid?
Provide ‘food’ for sperm
75
What is the function of prostaglandins in seminal fluid?
Stimulate muscle contractions in the female and male reproductive tracts
76
What is the function of fibrinogen in seminal fluid?
Forms temporary semen clot in the vagina
77
What are the enzymes found in seminal fluid? (4)
1. Proteases
2. Prostatic enzymes
3. Fibrinolysin
4. Seminal plasmin antibiotic protein
78
What is the function of proteases in seminal fluid?
Dissolve vaginal mucus
79
What is the function of seminal plasmin antibiotic protein in seminal fluid?
Prevent UTI (maybe)
80
What is the function of prostatic enzymes in seminal fluid?
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
81
What is the function of proteases in fibrinolysin?
Liquifies clotted semen after 15-30 minutes
82
What is the tubular organ for intercourse and urination?
Penis
83
What secretes smegma?
Preputial glands
84
What is another word for prepuce?
Foreskin
85
What do testes produce? (2)
Spem and Hormones
86
What do ovaries produce?
Ova and hormones
87
What transports ova?
Uterine tube transports ova
88
Includes all chambers and passageways that connect ducts to the exterior of the body
Reproductive tract
89
Women produce 1 ______ per month
Gamete
90
How many sperm is produced per day?
1/2 billion sperm
91
How much sperm is in a typical ejaculation?
3-5 million
92
What is the male sex hormone?
Androgen
93
What is the male gamete?
spermatozoa or sperm
94
Trace the spermatozoa out of the body: (5 steps)
1. Testis 2. Epididymis 3. Ductus deferens (vas deferens) 4. Ejaculatory duct 5. Urethra
95
What are the 3 male accessory organs?
1. Seminal glands (vesicles) 2. Prostate gland 3. Bulbo-urethral glands
96
The male external genitalia (2)
1. Scrotum 2. Penis
97
Where does the embryo develop, specifically?
The posterior wall of the body of the uterus
98
How long does prenatal development take?
38w
99
How long is the duration of pregnancy
280 +/-14 days
100
Where do the testes develop in the body?
In the abdomen adjacent to kidneys
101
What is gubernaculum testis?
a bundle of connective tissue fibers Extends from testis to pockets of peritoneum Locks testes in position (near anterior abdominal wall) as fetus grows
102
What system triggers sexual maturation?
The endocrine system
103
When do the testes descend?
During seventh month after fertilization
104
Where are reproductive hormones secreted from?
The gonads and the anterior pituitary gland
105
What is a male inguinal hernias?
protrusions of visceral tissues into inguinal canal and Spermatic cord (in closed inguinal canal)
106
The process by which sperm is produced and matures
Spermatogenesis
107
Where does Spermatogenesis begin?
At the outermost cell layer in seminiferous tubules Proceeds toward lumen
108
What is a raphe?
a raised thickening in scrotal surface, marking the partition of two scrotal chambers
109
What is the tunica vaginalis?
A serous membrane that lines the scrotal cavity
110
What is the Dartos Muscle?
A layer of smooth muscle in the dermis of scrotum
111
What causes the the wrinkling of scrotal surface?
the Dartos Muscle
112
What is the Cremaster Muscle?
A layer of skeletal muscle that tenses the scrotum and pulls them closer to body
113
Spermatogonia are __1___ that divide by ___2___
1. Primary stem cells 2. Mitosis
114
The process by which ovum is produced and matures
Oogenesis
115
How long is each seminiferous tubule?
Each is about 80 cm (32 in.) long
116
What are the contents of the seminiferous tubules?
Spermatogonia Spermatocytes at various stages of meiosis Spermatids Spermatozoa Large nurse cells
117
Spermatogenesis involves what three integrated processes?
Mitosis Meiosis Spermiogenesis
118
Six Major Functions of Nurse Cells (
```
Maintain blood–testis barrier
Support mitosis and meiosis
Support spermiogenesis
Secrete inhibin
Secrete androgen—binding protein (ABP)
Secrete Müllerian—inhibiting factor (MIF)
```
119
A peptide hormone secreted by nurse cells
Inhibin
120
The hormone Inhibin
Depresses pituitary production of FSH
| 2. Hypothalamic secretion of GnRH
121
Location of the ovaries
Right and left iliac region
122
Describe the ovaries of a girl who has yet to ovulate? Why?
Smooth surface, ovulation causes scar tissue
123
3 layers of the ovaries from outward to inward
1. Germinal epithelium 2. tunica albuginea 3. cortex
124
Define ovulation
Liberation of the ovum
125
If a woman has a 28 day cycle, when is ovulation?
Around day 14
126
The beginning of the bleeding of the previous cycle
Day zero of the menstrual cycle
127
Follicle - Ovum =
Corpus Luteum
128
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
It lasts for 4-6 week to support growth of the embryo
129
Where does fertilization usually occur?
Near the boundary between ampulla and isthmus in the uterine tube
130
How long does an ovum remain viable
36-48 hours as long as it is in the tube
131
3 parts of the uterine tube from proximal to distal
Infundibulum > ampulla > isthmus
132
Middle segment, smooth muscles layers in wall become thicker approaching uterus
Ampulla
133
Short segment between ampulla and uterine wall
Isthmus
134
Expanded funnel near ovary with fimbriae that extend into pelvic cavity
Infundibulum
135
Inflammation of the uterine tube
Salphingitis
136
Epithelium of the uterine tube contains scattered
Mucin-secreting cells
137
Muscos of the uterine tube is surrounded by
Concentric layers of smooth muscle
138
_____ of the ______ in the lining uterine tube beat toward the middle segment
Cilia infundibulum
139
3 parts of the uterus
1. Fundus 2. Body 3. Cervix
140
Opening of the cervix into the vagina vs into the uterus
1. External os 2. Internal os
141
What is the fornix?
“extra space” around the to accommodate
142
What region is the uterus located?
Hypogastric region
143
2 ligaments stabilizing
Broad ligament and ovarian ligament
144
Which ligament connects the ovary and uterus?
Broad ligament
145
What happens to the uterus in old age?
Becomes smaller and more dense
146
Elastic fibromuscular tube
The vagina
147
Thin annular fold of mucuous membrane
Hymen
148
Most common type of cancer in women
Cervical cancer
149
Another name for the skene glands
Paraurethral glands or the LESSER urethral glands
150
Each developing ovum gives rise to
4 cells, 3 are polar bodies
151
Maturation of ova is controlled by ________ (hormone)
FSH
152
Primary Amenorrhea
Failure to initiate menses
153
Transient Amenorrhea
Interruption of menses for 6 months or more
154
Where is milk released through the breast?
10-14 openings surrounding the nipple
155
When does milk production begin?
Third trimester
156
Another name for the pre-ovulatory phase
Follicular phase
157
Another name for the post-ovulatory phase
Luteal phase
158
Hot flash
A sensation of heat due to the cessation of estrogen/progesterone
159
During menopause _______ become less responsive to ______
1. Ovaries 2. Gonadotropin hormones
160
By the time the zygote reaches the uterus, how many cells is it?
32
161
What forms the placenta?
OUTER CELL MASS (trophoblast)> chorion > placenta sure
162
The inner cell mass turns into what three layers?
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
163
What does the ectoderm give rise to?
Skin and nervous system
164
What does the mesoderm give rise to?
Muscle, bone, blood
165
What does the endoderm give rise to?
Internal organs
166
Perturition
Process by which baby is born.
167
The most important hormone that causes labor pain and contractions
Oxytocin wtf
168
Which of the 3 components of seminal fluid prevents sperm coagulation in the vagina?
prostatic fluid
169
What is corona radiata?
A protective layer of follicle cells around the secondary oocyte during ovulation
170
sperm receptors in the secondary oocyte
zona pellucida
171
What occurs during oocyte activation?
The cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions, which depolarizes the cell and causes the release of calcium ions
172
Following fertilization, what process turns the oocyte into an ovum?
meiosis 2
173
Name two sperm enzymes that are important to secondary oocyte penetration
hyaluronidase and acrosin
174
A human zygote contains how many chromosomes?
46
175
What is the term for pre-natal development?
Gestation (three trimesters)
176
During what trimester do the beginnings of major organs appear?
1st trimester
177
During what trimester is there rapid fetal growth and deposition of adipose tissue?
3rd trimester
178
Which trimester is dominated by fetal organ growth?
2nd trimester
179
When does the fetus look human?
End of 2nd trimester
180
What are the 4 general processes of the 1st trimester?
1. Cleavage
2. Implantation
3. Placentation
4. Embryogenesis
181
What is the product of 3 days of cleavage?
A morula
182
The __1__ reaches the uterus around day __2__
1. morula
| 2. 4 or 5
183
When and where is a blastocyst formed?
In the uterus around day 6 before implantation
184
What are the cells that make up a morula?
Blastomeres
185
Inner cellular layer of trophoblast
cytotrophoblast
186
What is formed when the trophoblast fully detaches from the inner cell mass?
The amniotic cavity
187
When does implantation occur?
From day 7-10 following fertilization
188
When is the embryonic period?
From implantation to week 9
189
When does gastrulation occur and what is it?
Day 15
The formation of the germ layers: endoderm, the mesoderm, and the ectoderm
190
What eventually forms the body of the embryo?
The embryonic disc
191
What 4 things make up the extra embryonic membranes?
1. yolk sac
2. amnion
3. allantois
4. chorion
192
Portion of the endometrium that has no contact with the chorion
parietal decidua
193
What 3 things remain inside the umbillical cord?
1. allantois
2. yolk stalk
3. placental blood vessels
194
What is the formation of organs called?
organogenesis
195
Alternate name for "false labor"
Braxton Hicks contractions
196
What are the 3 stages of labor? How long is each?
1. The dilation stage (8 hours)
2. The expulsion stage (2 hours)
3. The placental stage (1 hour after birth)
197
How dilated is the woman during the expulsion stage?
4 in or 10cm
198
What is premature delivery?
Birth at 28-36 weeks
199
What is a breech birth? What is the risk?
3-4% are born Legs first, the umbilical cord can become constricted, cutting off placental blood flow
200
What do infants drink in the first 2 months of life and how is it different from breast milk?
Colostrum contains more protein and less fat, it contains antibodies
