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A+P 2 FINAL > Lecture: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lecture: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Define paracrine communication and the chemical involved

A

Messaging between cells through paracrines within a single tissue

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2
Q

Define Autocrine communication and the chemical involved

A

When chemical messages (autocrines) are received by the same cells that sent them

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3
Q

Prostoglandins are examples of what?

A

Autocrines

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4
Q

__1__ communication occurs when the endocrine system uses chemical messengers called __2__ to relay information between cells via the __3__.

A

Endocrine Communication
Hormones
Bloodstream

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5
Q

Specific cells that bind and receive hormonal messages

A

Target cells

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6
Q

How do hormones alter the operations of their target cells?

A

By altering the quantity or type of enzymes or structural proteins in target cells.

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7
Q

How do hormones alter the target cells themselves? (2)

A

By altering the biochemical properties or physical structure.

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8
Q

Define synaptic communication

A

Neurons release a neurotransmitter through a synapse close to target cells with appropriate receptors.

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9
Q

What allows the messages of the nervous system to travel so quickly?

A

Because action potentials travel through axons, a physical pathway;.

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10
Q

Through what medium does paracrine communication take place?

A

Extracellular fluid

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11
Q

Through what medium does autocrine communication take place?

A

Extracellular fluid

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12
Q

Through what medium does direct communication take place?

A

Gap Junctions

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13
Q

Through what medium does synaptic communication take place?

A

Across synapses

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14
Q

What are the chemical mediators of direct communication?

A

Ions, small solutes and lipid soluble materials.

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15
Q

Compared to the endocrine system, commands from the nervous system are __1__ and __2__?

A

Specific

Short lived

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16
Q

What 4 things do the nervous and endocrine system have in common?

A

Release chemicals that bind to specific receptors
Share some chemical receptors
Regulated by negative feedback mechanisms
Preserve homeostasis

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17
Q

What are the 5 main processes affected by hormones? (5)

A 
Growth
Reproductive capability
Cell metabolism and energy balance
Fluid and nutrient balance
Mobilize body defenses
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18
Q

What are endocrine cells? Where do they release fluids?

A

Glandular secretory cells that release secretions into extracellular fluid

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19
Q

How are exocrine cells different from endocrine cells?

A

They release secretions onto epithelial surfaces by way of ducts

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20
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormones?

A

Amino Acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Lipid derivatives

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21
Q

What is another word for an amino acid derivative?

A

Biogenic amines

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22
Q

Amino Acid derivatives are synthesized from the __1__, __2___ and __3__.

A

Amino acids
Tyrosine
Tryptophan

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23
Q

What hormones are made from tyrosine? (4)

A

Thyroid hormones
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

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24
Q

What are Catechelomines?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

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25
Q

What is the primary hormone of tryptophan?

A

Melatonin

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of lipid derived hormones?

A

Eicosanoids

Steroid hormones

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27
Q

What category of hormone includes prostoglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxines and prostacyclins?

A

Eicosanoids

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28
Q

Steroid hormones are structurally similar to what?

A

Cholesterol

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29
Q

Where are hormones typically released?

A

Areas abundant with capillaries

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30
Q

How long does a circulating hormone remain functional?

A

Between 2 minutes and 1 hour

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31
Q

When hormones bind to specific receptors they can alter cellular activity in what 3 ways?

A

genetic activity
rate of protein synthesis
cell membrane permeability

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32
Q

Most peptide hormones are synthesized as ______.

A

Prohormones

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33
Q

Define pro hormones

A

Inactive molecules that are converted into active hormones before or after being secreted

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34
Q

What are 2 types of peptide hormones?

A

Glycoproteins

Short poly-petides / small proteins

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35
Q

A protein molecule to which a hormone can bind strongly

A

Hormone receptor

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36
Q

Define down-regulation

A

When the presence of a hormone triggers a decrease in the number of receptors for that hormone

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37
Q

Define up-regulation

A

When the relative absence of a hormone triggers an increase in the number of receptors for that hormone

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38
Q

Where are the two places hormone receptors are located and what are they called?

A

On the plasma membrane / extracellular receptors

In the target cells / intracellular receptors

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39
Q

Which hormones require extracellular receptors (2) Why?

A

Catecholamines
Peptide hormones
They are not lipid soluble.

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40
Q

What is a first messenger?

A

A hormone that binds to an extracellular receptor

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41
Q

What is a second receptor?

A

An intermediary molecule that appears during a hormone-receptor interaction

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42
Q

What is amplification? What might it trigger?

A

The appearance of many secondary receptors during hormone reception.
Receptor cascade

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43
Q

An enzyme complex coupled to a membrane receptor

A

G protein

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44
Q

What can trigger the opening of calcium ion channels in cell membranes or the release of calcium ions from intracellular compartments?

A

G protein

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45
Q

What two types of hormones most target intracellular receptors?

A

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

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46
Q

Which hormones can diffuse across the plasma membrane? What does this allow them to do?

A

Steroid hormones

Alter the DNA in the nucleus of a cell

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47
Q

How do thyroid hormones cross the plasma membrane?

A

Through transport mechanisms

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48
Q

Which hormones can affect the DNA of mitochondria? What might it do there?

A

Thyroid hormones

Alter rate of ATP production

49
Q

What feedback mechanism controls hormone regulation?

A

Negative feedback

50
Q

What 3 types of stimuli can trigger hormone production? (3)

A

Humoral
Hormonal
Neural

51
Q

Humoral stimuli affect hormone secretions in what regions of the body? (4)

A

Heart
Pancreas
Parathyroid Glands
Digestive Tract

52
Q

What hormone stimulates glucose uptake and usage?

A

Insulin duh

53
Q

What region of the body is triggered by neural stimuli?

A

The hypothalamus

54
Q

What region provides the highest level of endocrine control?

A

The hypothalamus

55
Q

Define humoral stimuli

A

Changes in the composition of extracellular fluid

56
Q

The pituitary gland releases __1__ total hormones. __2__ are from the anterior, and __3__ from the posterior.

A

9
7
2

57
Q

The hypothalamus is inferior to the __1__ and superior to the __2__.

A

Thalamus

Pituitary gland

58
Q

The slender, funnel like structure attached to the hypothalamus

A

The infundibulum

59
Q

Alternate name for the pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis

60
Q

The pituitary gland is nestled in the __1__, a depression in the __2__.

A

Sella turcica

Sphenoid Bone

61
Q

What is the function of the seller diaphragm?

A

To encircle the infundibulum, holding the pituitary in place.

62
Q

The __1__ isolates the pituitary gland from the __2__.

A

Sellar diaphragm

Cranial cavity

63
Q

What organ regulates the functions of the pituitary gland?

A

The hypothalamus

64
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

65
Q

What are the hormones released by the hypothalamus called? Where and what do they affect?

A

Regulatory hormones

Secretory functions of the endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary

66
Q

The hypothalamus exerts direct neural control over the endocrine cells where?

A

In the adrenal medulla

67
Q

What happens when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream

68
Q

What is an alternate name for the anterior pituitary?

A

The adenohypophysis

69
Q

What are the 3 regions of the adenohypophysis?

A

Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia

70
Q

Which part of the anterior pituitary is the largest and most anterior?

A

Pars distalis

71
Q

Which part of the anterior pituitary wraps around the posterior pituitary?

A

Pars intermedia

72
Q

Name the network of vessels in the pituitary gland

A

Hypophyseal Portal System

73
Q

Hormones of the anterior pituitary that “turn on” endocrine cells in other organs

A

Tropic hormones

74
Q

“Thyroid Stimulating Hormone”

A

Adenocorticotropic hormone

75
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are examples of what?

A

Gonadotropin hormones

76
Q

What 6 hormones are produced by the pars distalis?

A 
Adenocorticotropic Hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
FSH
LH
Prolactin
Growth hormone
77
Q

Alternate name for adenocorticotropic hormone?

A

Cortico hormone

78
Q

Alternate name for growth hormone?

A

Somatotropin

79
Q

Alternate name for Thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Thyrotropin

80
Q

Adenocortico hormones trigger release of __1__ in the __2__, producing __3__.

A

Steroid hormones
Adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids

81
Q

What does FSH stimulate in women? (2)

A 
Growth of (ovarian) follicles
In combination with LH, Estradiol
82
Q

What does FSH stimulate in men?

A

Nurse cells

83
Q

What does LH stimulate in women? (2)

A

Ovulation

The production of progesterone

84
Q

What does LH stimulate in men?

A

Androgen production by intersistial endocrine cells

85
Q

What is hypogonadism and what is its outcome?

A

A lack of gonadotropins inhibit the production of sperm or oocytes

86
Q

What is the function of prolactin (PRL)?

A

Stimulate mammary gland growth in women.

87
Q

What neurotransmitter inhibits PRL?

A

Dopamine

88
Q

What are somatomedins and what do they do?

A

Growth factors produced by the liver that stimulate the uptake of amino acids by skeletal muscles and chondrocytes for protein synthesis.

89
Q

What is the affect of GH on epithelial and connective tissue cells?

A

Stem cells divide and produce daughter cells

90
Q

What is the affect of GH on adipose tissue? Make sure to include the specific name for this process.

A

Triggers the “glucose sparing affect”,

by breaking stored triglycerides into fatty acids that enter the blood stream to generate ATP

91
Q

What is the affect of GH on the liver?

A

Breakdown of glycogen stores (associated with diabetogenic affect)

92
Q

What stimulates the release of melanocyte stimulation hormone?

A

Pars intermedia

93
Q

What is caused by melanocyte stimulation hormone?

A

Localized skin pigmentation, but mostly not in people

94
Q

For whom is melanocyte stimulation hormone most active? (3)

A

Young children
Pregnant women
Diseased people

95
Q

Alternate name for the posterior pituitary gland

A

Neurohypophysis

96
Q

The posterior pituitary gland contains __1__ of the neurons of the __2__ and the __3__ nuclei.

A

Axons
Supra optic
Paraventricular

97
Q

The neurohypophysis does NOT have

A

A portal system

98
Q

The second messenger of OXT and ADH

A

cAMP

99
Q

Alternate name for ADH

A

Vasopressin

100
Q

What does OXT stimulate in women? (2)

A
  1. Contractions of the myometrium during labor

2. Ejection of milk

101
Q

A consequence of inadequate ADH release

A

Diabetes insipidus

102
Q

Connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland

A

Isthmus

103
Q

The thyroid gland contains large numbers of __1__ which are shaped like __2__ and lined with __3__ epithelium.

A
  1. Thyroid follicles
  2. Hollow spheres
  3. Simple cuboidal
104
Q

Endocrine cells of the thyroid

A

C (clear) cells or follicular cells

105
Q

Functions of Epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

They are the flight/fight hormones that are released when the body is under extreme stress

106
Q

What hormones are secreted by the thyroid + abbreviations? (2)

A
  1. thyroxine (t4)

2. triiodothyronine (t3)

107
Q

What is Thyrotoxicosis and what is a symptom?

A
  1. Excess thyroid hormone in the body

2. bulging eyes

108
Q

What is goiter?

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

109
Q

What causes goiter?

A

Iodine deficiency

110
Q

Hormones of the suprarenal or adrenal glands? (2)

A
  1. Epinepherine

2. Norepinepherine

111
Q

What is cortisol (type and class) and what produces it?

A

Cortisol is a steroid hormone in the glucocorticoid class of hormones

it is produced by the adrenal cortex.

112
Q

What is the function of cortisol? (6)

A

Cortisol can help control:

  1. blood sugar levels
  2. regulatemetabolism
  3. reduce inflammation,
  4. assist with memory formulation.
  5. It has a controlling effect on salt and water balance
  6. helps control blood pressure
113
Q

What produces glucagon (be specific)

A

alpha cells of the pancreas

114
Q

What organ produces insulin?

A

the pancreas

115
Q

What produces aldosterone?

A

the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland

116
Q

What produces hormones but are not considered endocrine glands? (2)

A
  1. Heart

2. Intestines

117
Q

Where does ADH do its jobs?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule of the kidney

118
Q

What is albinism a symptom of?

A

Lack of MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

119
Q

The hypothalamus is a part of what two systems?

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system

A+P 2 FINAL (3 decks)

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