A+P Lab RS Flashcards by L Dixon

These are involved in blood clotting during homeostasis (3)

Prothrombin, thrombin, and fibrinogen

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What is the blood volume of an average-size adult male?

5-6 Liters

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What is the blood volume of an average-size adult female?

4-5 Liters

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What determines whether blood is bright red or a dull brick-red?

The more oxygen the brighter the redness

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Most numerous leukocyte

Neutrophil

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Granulocytes (3)

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil

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anucleate formed element

Red Blood Cell

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Actively phagocytic leukocyte

Neutrophil, Monocyte

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Agranulocytes (2)

Lymphocyte, Monocyte

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Precursor cell of platelets

Megakaryocyte

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Red blood cells, megakaryocyte, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte are all examples of?

Formed elements

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Number rises during parasite infections

Eosinophil

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Releases histamine; promotes inflammation

Basophil

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Many formed in lymphoid tissue

Lymphocyte

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Transports oxygen

Red Blood Cells

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Primarily water, noncellular; fluid matrix of blood

Plasma

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Increases in number during prolonged infections

Monocyte

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Five types of white blood cells

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, monocyte

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List the four classes of nutrients normally found in plasma

Amino acids, fatty acids, glucose, vitamins

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Two gases normally found in plasma

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

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Three ions normally found in plasma

Sodium, potassium, calcium

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Describe the consistency and color of plasma

Plasma is slippery (gelatinous) fluid. It has a yellowish color.

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What is the average life span of a red blood cell? Why

The average life span of a RBC is 100-120 days. (Development is about 15 days). Being anucleated it’s unable to reproduce or repair damage during circulation.

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Percentage of Eosinophils in the total white blood cell population

-2-4% of WBC count

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Describe the structural characteristics of Eosinophils

bilobe nucleus, large cytoplasmic granules stains red-orange

The percentage of Neutrophils in the total white blood cell population

50-70% of WBC count

Describe the structural characteristics of Neutrophils (3)

nucleus has 3-6 lobes pale lilac cytoplasm fine cytoplasmic granules

Percentage of Lymphocytes in the total white blood cell population

about 25% (little more)

Describe the structural characteristics of Lymphocytes

Nucleus is spherical or slightly indented (makes up most cells mass) cytoplasm is thin blue rim around nucleus

Percentage of basophils in the total white blood cell population

-less then 1%

Describe the structural characteristics of Basophils

Large U or S shaped nucleus w/ 2 or more indentations cytoplasm contains course, sparse granules

Percentage of monocytes in the total white blood cell population

3-8% of WBC count

Describe the structural characteristics of Monocytes

- kidney shaped nucleus and abundant cytoplasm | - stains grey-blue

Abnormal increase in number of WBC

leukocytosis

Abnormal increase in number of RBC

polycythemia

Condition of too few RBC's or of RBC's with hemoglobin deficiencies

Anemia

Abnormal decrease in number of WBC

leukopenia

Why is differential WBC count more valuable than a total WBC count when trying to pin down the specific source of pathology?

Differential WBC is more valuable because any change or abnormal count (increase/decrease) of any WBC can indicate a problem

What name is given to the process of RBC production?

Erythropoiesis

What hormone acts as a stimulus for erythropoiesis?

Erythropoietin

Define Hematocrit

percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC

What is an anticoagulant?

agent inhibiting blood from clotting

Name two anticoagulants

Heparin and EDTA (ethylenediaminetraacetic acid)

What is the body's natural anticoagulant?

Heparin

Normal range for plasma cholesterol concentration

130-200 mg/100 ml

What is the function of the fluid that fills the pericardial sac?

It lubricates the heart, allowing the heart to beat in a relatively frictionless environment.

Location of the heart in the thorax

Mediastinum

Superior heart chambers

Atria

Inferior heart chambers

Ventricles

Visceral pericardium

Epicardium

Receiving chambers of the heart

Atria

Layer composed of cardiac muscle

Myocardium

Provide nutrient blood to the heart muscle

Coronary arteries

Lining of the heart chambers

Endocardium

Actual "pumps" of the heart

Ventricles

Drains blood into the right atrium

Coronary sinus

What is the function of the valves found in the heart?

Prevent blood flow; Allows blood to only flow in one direction

What is the role of the chordae tendineae?

"Heart strings" that anchor the cusps to the ventricular walls

Differentiate clearly between the roles of the pulmonary and systemic circulations

Pulmonary circulation strictly provides gas exchange in the lungs; whereas the systemic circulation provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues.

Right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the ___1___, through the ___2___ valve to the pulmonary trunk, to the ___3___, to the capillary beds of the lungs, to the ___4___, to the ___5___ of the heart, through the ___6___ valve to the ___7___, through the ___8___ valve to the ___9___, to the systemic arteries, to the ___10___ of the tissues, to the systemic veins, to the ___11___, ___12___, ___13___, and ___14___ entering the right atrium of the heart.

1. Right ventricle 2. Pulmonary semilunar 3. Pulmonary arteries 4. Pulmonary veins 5. Left atrium 6. Bicuspid 7. Left Ventricle 8. Aortic semilunar 9. Aorta 10. Capillary beds 11. Superior vena cava 12. Inferior vena cava 13. Coronary sinus 14. Cardiac veins

If the mitral valve does not close properly, which circulation is affected?

Pulmonary circulation

Why might a thrombus (blood clot) in the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery cause sudden death?

Blocks blood flow to the left ventricle of the heart

How would you distinguish the structure of cardiac muscle from that of skeletal muscle?

Skeletal muscles are long, cylindrical, has multinucleated cells, and has obvious striations Cardiac muscles are branching and the cells interdigitate at the junctions (intercalated discs)

Describe the unique anatomical features of cardiac muscle. What role does the unique structure of cardiac muscle play in its function?

Intercalated discs with 2 important functions: It holds the myocytes together so that they do not pull apart when the heart contracts The discs allow an electrical connection between the cells, which is vital to the function of the heart as a whole

List the elements of the intrinsic conduction system in order, starting from the SA node

``` SA Node-> AV node-> AV Bundle (through septum)-> bundle branches-> purkinje fibers ```

At what structure in the transmission sequence is the impulse temporarily delayed? Why?

AV node, allows completion of atrial contraction before initiation of ventricular systole

Even though cardiac muscle has an inherent ability to beat, the nodal system plays a critical role in heart physiology. What is that role?

Organization of depolarization, and coordinates heart activity

Define ECG

Recording of electrical changes in heart activity

Why causes the heart rate increase during running? (hormone)

Release of norepinephrine by the sympathetic nervous system

Define tachycardia

heart rate over 100 beats/min

Define bradycardia

heart rate below 60 beats/min

Define fibrillation

very rapid uncoordinated myocardial activity

Layer of a blood vessel with a smooth surface to decrease resistance to blood flow + thin tunic of capillaries

Tunica Intima

Layer of a blood vessel containing smooth muscle and elastin

Tunica media

Name two events occurring within the body that aid in venous return.

1. skeletal muscle "milking action” | 2. changes in thoracic cavity pressure during breathing

the arterial system has one of these; the venous system has two

brachiocephalic

these arteries supply the myocardium

coronary

two paired arteries serving the brain

internal carotid vertebral

longest vein in the lower limb

great saphenous

Artery on the dorsum of the foot

dorsalis pedis artery

main artery that serves the thigh muscles

deep artery of the thigh

supplies the diaphram

phrenic

formed by the union of the radial and ulnar veins

brachial

two superficial veins of the arm

basilic cephalic

artery that supplies the distal half of the large intestine

inferior mesenteric

drains the pelvic organs

internal iliac vein

what the external iliac artery becomes on entry into the thigh

femoral

artery that branches into radial and ulnar arteries

brachial

supplies most of the small intestine

superior mesenteric

joins to form the inferior vena cava

common iliac veins

has three major branches, which run to the liver, spleen, and stomach

celiac trunk

major artery serving the tissues external to the skull

external carotid

four veins serving the leg

anterior artery fibular posterior tibial great saphenous

artery generally used to take the pulse at the wrist

radial

What is the function of the cerebral arterial circle?

Protection - it provides alternate pathways for blood to reach the brain tissue

The anterior and middle cerebral arise from the __1__ artery. They serve the __2__ of the brain.

internal carotid | 2) cerebrum

Trace the pathway of a drop of blood from the aorta to the left occipital lobe of the brain, noting all structures which it flows.

``` Aorta → subclavian artery → vertebral artery → basilar artery → posterior cerebral artery → occipital brain tissue. ```

Trace the pathway of a carbon dioxide gas molecule in the blood from the inferior vena cava until it leaves the bloodstream. Name all structures (vessels, heart chambers, and others) passed through en route. Inferior vena cava

right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary → semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → right or left pulmonary artery → lobar artery → pulmonary capillary beds in lungs → air sacs (alveoli) of lungs.

Trace the pathway of oxygen gas molecules from an alveolus of the lung to the right atrium of the heart. Name all structures through which it passes. Highlight the areas of gas exchange

Alveolus → alveolar/capillary walls* → pulmonary vein → left atrium → bicuspid (mitral) valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aorta → systemic arteries → capillary beds of tissues* → systemic veins → superior or inferior vena cava → right atrium →

How do pulmonary arteries and veins differ from the others?

The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. The pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

How do the arteries of the pulmonary circulation differ structurally from the systemic arteries? What condition is indicated by this anatomical difference?

The pulmonary arteries are more like veins anatomically. - relatively thin walls, reflecting the fact that pulmonary circulation is a low pressure bed

What is the source of blood in the hepatic portal system?

blood drained from the digestive viscera

Why is this blood carried to the liver before it enters the systemic circulation? (2)

the blood is rich in nutrients. phagocytes also cleanse the blood of debris.

Trace the flow of a drop of blood from the small intestine to the right atrium of the heart, noting all structures encountered or passed through on the way.

``` Capillaries of small intestine → superior mesenteric vein → hepatic portal vein → liver sinusoids → hepatic vein → inferior vena cava → right atrium of heart ```

Hormone

chemical messenger for the endocrine system that changes in the metabolic activity

Chemically, hormones belong chiefly to two molecular groups the

endocrine and exocrine

Target cell

cells within an organ that respond to a particular hormone

located in the anterior neck; produces key hormones for metabolism

thyroid

produces the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary

hypothalamus

mixed gland, located behind the stomach and close to the small intestine

pancreasa

found in the upper thorax overlying the heart; large during youth

thymus

found in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

pineal

Which hormones/glands regulates the function of another endocrine gland (tropic)

Hormones:  FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH Gland: Anterior pituitary

Which hormones/glands maintain salt and water balance in the extracellular fluid

Hormones: ADH, aldosterone Gland: Posterior pituitary, Adrenal cortex

Which hormones/glands are directly involved in milk production and ejection

Hormones: Oxytocin, Prolactin Glands: Posterior Pituitary, Anterior Pituitary

Which hormones/gland controls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation

Hormones: T3, T4 Gland: Thyroid

Which hormones/gland regulates blood calcium levels

Hormone: Parathyroid hormone Gland: Parathyroid

Which hormones/gland regulate blood glucose levels; produced by the same "mixed" gland

Hormone: insulin, glucagon Gland: Pancreas

Which hormones/gland released in response to stressors

Hormones: Cortisol, epinephrine Gland: Adrenal cortex, Adrenal medulla

Which hormones/gland drive development of secondary sex characteristics in males

Hormones: Testosterone Gland: Testes

Which hormones/gland directly responsible for regulation of the menstrual cycle

Hormones: Estrogen, Progesterone Gland: ovaries

ACTH: humoral, hormonal or neural?

hormonal

calcitonin: humoral, hormonal or neural?

humoral

estrogens: humoral, hormonal or neural?

hormonal

insulin: humoral, hormonal or neural?

humoral

norephinephrine: humoral, hormonal or neural?

neural

parathyroid hormone: humoral, hormonal or neural?

humoral

T3/T4: humoral, hormonal or neural?

hormonal

testosterone: humoral, hormonal or neural?

hormonal

TSH, FSH: humoral, hormonal or neural?

hormonal

What causes tetany

inadequate parathyroid

What causes excessive urine output without high blood glucose levels

inadequate antidiuretic

What causes loss of glucose in the urine

inadequate insulin

What causes abnormally small stature, normal properties

inadequate growth hormone

What causes large bones of the hands, feet and face in adults

excessive growth

What causes nervousness, irregular pulse rate, sweating

excessive thyroid

What causes demineralization of bones, spontaneous fractures

excessive parathyroid

parafollicular cells of the thyroid

calcitonin

Produced by follicular cells of the thyroid

T4 and T3

Produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets

insulin

Produced by basophil cells of the anterior pituitary

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

Produced by zona fasciculata cells

glucocorticoids

Produced by zona glomerulosa cells

mineralocorticoids

Produced by acidophil cells of the anterior pituitary

GH, prolactin

Hormones secreted by the pineal gland

Melatonin

Hormones secreted by the adipose tissue

Leptin

Three types of arteries

1. Elastic 2. Muscular 3. Arterioles