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BIO 233 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

organic compounds needed for growth and good health

not used for energy

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2
Q

What are the functions of vitamins (vague)?

A

crucial in helping the body use nutrients

often function as coenzymes

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3
Q

What vitamins are synthesized in the body?

A

D (skin)
K (intestine)
B (intestine)

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4
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

B and C

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5
Q

What is unique about B12 absorption?

A

it requires gastric intrinsic factor to be absorbed

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6
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins and how are they digested?

A

A, D, E, K

bind to ingested lipids and are absorbed with their digestion products

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7
Q

What is vitamin B1?

A

thiamin
coenzyme for the pyruvate catalyzed reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway
oxidation of alcohol

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8
Q

What does deficiency of B1 do?

A

reduced capacity of cells to generate. energy

Beriberi syndrome - caused by white rice or excessive alcohol

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9
Q

What is vitamin B2?

A

riboflavin

coenzymes FMN and FAD to form FMNH2 and FADH2

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10
Q

What does a deficiency in B2 cause?

A

dermatitis
cheilosis
blurred vision
light sensitivity

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11
Q

What is vitamin B3?

A

niacin
required for synthesis of NAD+
coenzyme in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, DNA repair

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12
Q

What does a deficiency in vitamin B3 do?

A

early - headache, loss of appetite

late - dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

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13
Q

What is vitamin B5?

A

required for synthesis of coenzyme A

required for the metabolism of carbohydrate via the TCA cycle and all fats and proteins

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14
Q

What does a deficiency in vitamin B5 do?

A

neuromuscular degeneration
loss of appetite
mental depression
abdominal pains

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15
Q

What is vitamin B6?

A

pyridoxal
efficiently converted to the biologically active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal phosphate
this functions as a cofactor in enzymes involved in transamination reactions and glycogenolysis

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16
Q

What happens during a deficiency of vitamin B6?

A

infants - nervous irritability, anemia

adults - increased risk of heart disease

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17
Q

What is vitamin B7?

A

biotin
coenzyme for carboxylation, decarboxylation, deamination
essential for Krebs cycle

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18
Q

What happens during a deficiency of vitamin B7?

A

scaly skin, muscle pains, nausea, elevated blood cholesterol levels

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19
Q

What is vitamin B12?

A

cyanocobalamin
coenzyme in all cells
important in DNA synthesis in bone marrow

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20
Q

What happens during B12 deficiency?

A

pernicious anemia

neurological disturbance

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21
Q

What is vitamin C?

A

ascorbic acid
antioxidant
enhances iron absorption and bioavailability
essential in conversion of tryptophan to serotonin and of cholesterol to bile salts

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22
Q

What happens during vitamin D deficiency?

A

joint pains, poor bone growth, poor wound healing, more susceptible to infection

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23
Q

What is vitamin A?

A

retinol
consists of three biologically active molecules (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid)
required for photoreceptor pigments synthesis, integrity of skin, and reproductive function
antioxidant
essential for normal bone development

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24
Q

What happens during vitamin A deficiency?

A

night blindness
epithelial changes
increases infections

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25
Q

What is vitamin D?

A

antirachitic factor
steroid hormone that functions to regulate specific gene expression following interaction with its intracellular receptor
functions primarily to regulate calcium and phosphorous homeostasis
increases calcium blood levels by enhancing absorption of calcium
mobilizes calcium from the bone with PTH

26
Q

What results from vitamin D deficiency?

A

antisterility factor

antioxidant removing free radicals

27
Q

What results from Vitamin E deficiency?

A

hemolysis of RBCs, fragile capillaries

28
Q

What is vitamin K

A

coagulation factor
intermediate in ETC
essential for formation of clotting proteins
involved in oxidative phosphorylation in all cells

29
Q

What happens in vitamin K deficiency?

A

easy bruising and bleeding

30
Q

What minerals are found in the body? (7)

A 
calcium
phosphorous
potassium
sulfur
sodium
chloride
magnesium
31
Q

What do minerals do?

A

work with nutrients to ensure proper body functioning

not used for fuel

32
Q

What do ca, p, and mg all do?

A

harden bone

33
Q

What do na and cl do?

A

help maintain normal osmolarity, water balance, and are essential in nerve and muscle function

34
Q

Why must mineral uptake and excretion be balanced?

A

to prevent toxic overload

35
Q

How are most ions found in the body?

A

ionized in fluids

bound to organic compounds to form phospholipids, hormones, enzymes, and other functional proteins

36
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

site of gas exchange

consists of bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

37
Q

What is the conducting zone?

A

conduits for air to reach the sites of gas exchange

includes all other respiratory stuctures (nose, pharynx, trachea)

38
Q

What is the major function of the respiratory system?

A

supply the blood with oxygen and dispose of CO2

39
Q

What are the four things that must happen for respiration?

A

pulmonary ventilation - air into and out of lungs
external respiration - gas exchange between lungs and blood
transport - of CO2 and O2 between lungs and tissues
internal respiration - gas exchange between blood and tissues

40
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A

providing an airway for respiration
moistening and warming the entering air
filtering inspired air and cleaning it of foreign matter
serving as a resonating chamber for speech
housing olfactory receptor

41
Q

Describe the vestibule of the nose

A

nasal cavity superior to the nares

42
Q

What are the vibrissae of the nose?

A

hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired air

43
Q

What are the olfactory mucosa of the nose?

A

lines the superior nasal cavity

contains smell receptors

44
Q

What is the respiratory mucosa?

A

lines the balance of the nasal cavity

glands secrete mucus containing lysozyme and defensins to destroy bacteria

45
Q

What happens to inspired air?

A

humidified by high water content in nasal cavity

warmed by rich plexuses of capillaries

46
Q

What do ciliated mucosal cells do?

A

remove contaminated mucus

47
Q

What do the nasal conchae do?

A

increase mucosal area
enhance air turbulence and help filter air
filter, heat, moisten air upon inspiration
reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation

48
Q

What do sinuses do?

A

lighten the skull and help warm and moisten air

49
Q

Describe the nasopharynx

A

strictly an air passageway
lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
closes during swallowing
pharyngeal tonsil

50
Q

Describe the oropharynx

A

common passageway for food and air
stratified squamous epithelium
palatine and lingual tonsils

51
Q

Describe the laryngopharynx

A

common passageway for food and air

extends to larynx, where food and air diverge

52
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

provide a patent airway
act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
voice production
connected to hyoid bone

53
Q

What are the cartilages of the larynx?

A

shield-shaped anterosuperior thyroid cartilage w/ midline laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)
cricoid cartilage
arytenoid, cuneiform, corniculate cartilages
epiglottis

54
Q

Describe the vocal ligaments

A

elastic fibers that form mucosal folds

vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs

55
Q

What are the false vocal cords?

A

mucosal folds superior to true vocal cords
medial opening between them is the glottis
play no part in sound production

56
Q

Define speech

A

intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis

57
Q

Define pitch

A

determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords

58
Q

Define loudness

A

depends upon the force at which the air rushes across the vocal cords

59
Q

How does the pharynx participate in vocal production?

A

resonates, amplifies, and enhances sound quality

sound is shaped by pharynx, tongue, soft palate, lips

60
Q

When is the larynx closed?

A

coughing
sneezing
Valsalva’s maneuver

BIO 233 Anatomy OIT (6 decks)

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