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BIO 233 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the lesser omentum found?

A

runs from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach

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2
Q

Where is the greater omentum found?

A

drapes inferiorly from the greater curvature to the small intestine

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3
Q

What is the nerve supply of the stomach?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What is the blood supply of the stomach?

A 
celiac trunk from abdominal aorta
corresponding veins (part of the hepatic portal system)
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5
Q

What does the muscularis layer of the stomach do?

A

allows stomach to churn, mix, and pummel food physically

breaks down food into smaller fragments

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6
Q

Describe the epithelial lining of the stomach

A

composed of goblet cells that produce alkaline mucus

mucous surface layer traps a bicarbonate-rich fluid beneath it

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7
Q

What does the gastric pit contain?

A

gastric glands that secrete gastric juice, mucus, and gastrin

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8
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

converts food to chyme

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9
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

plays essential role in regulating stomach secretion and motility

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10
Q

What do mucous neck cells do in the stomach?

A

secrete acid mucus

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11
Q

What do parietal cells of the stomach do?

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

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12
Q

What do the chief cells of the stomach do?

A

produce pepsinogen

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13
Q

What does pepsinogen do in the stomach?

A

activated to pepsin by HCl and pepsin itself via positive feedback mechanism

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14
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells of the stomach do?

A 
secrete gastrin
histamine
endorphins
serotonin
CCK
somatostatin
all into the lamina propria
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15
Q

How does the stomach combat digesting itself?

A

mucosal barrier:
thick coat of bicarbonate-rich mucus on the stomach wall
epithelial cells that are joined by tight junctions
gastric glands have cells that are impermeable to HCl
damaged epithelial cells are replaced quickly

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16
Q

What does the stomach ultimately do?

A

holds ingested food
degrades food physically and chemically
delivers chyme to small intestine
enzymatically digests proteins with pepsin
secretes intrinsic factor required for absorption of B12

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17
Q

What is vitamin B12 essential for?

A

RBC synthesis

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18
Q

What is the cephalic phase?

A

phase prior to food entry

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19
Q

What are excitatory events of the cephalic phase?

A

sight or thought of food

stimulation of taste or smell receptors

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20
Q

What are inhibitory events of the cephalic phase?

A

loss of appetite or depression

decrease in stimulation of the parasympathetic division

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21
Q

When is the gastric phace?

A

once food enters the stomach

~3-4 hours

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22
Q

What are excitatory events of the gastric phase?

A

stomach distension
activation of stretch receptors (neural activation)
activation of chemoreceptors by peptides, caffeine, and rising pH
release of gastrin to the blood

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23
Q

What are inhibitory events of the gastric phase?

A

a pH lower than 2

emotional upset that overrides the parasympathetic division (stress, fear, anxiety)

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24
Q

What is the intestinal phase?

A

when partially digested food enters the duodenum

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25
Q

What are excitatory events of the intestinal phase?

A

low pH

partially digested food enters the duodenum and encourages gastric gland activity

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26
Q

What are inhibitory events of the intestinal phase?

A

distension of duodenum
presence of fatty, acidic, or hypertonic chyme
irritants in the duodenum

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27
Q

What happens during the inhibitory phase of intestinal phase?

A

initiates inhibition of local reflexes and vagal nuclei
closes pyloric sphincter
releases enterogastrones that inhibit gastric secretion

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28
Q

What is the enterogastric reflex?

A

inhibits parasympathetic function
inhibits local reflex
activates parasympathetic function
protects small intestine of too much acidity

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29
Q

What stimulates HCl secretion?

A

ACh
histamine
gastrin
all through second-messenger systems

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30
Q

When is release of HCL low? High?

A

low if only one ligand binds to parietal cells

high if all three ligands bind to parietal cells

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31
Q

What decreases HCl secretion?

A

antihistamines block H2 receptors which decreases HCl release

32
Q

Describe typical stomach pressure

A

remains constant until about 1.5L of food is ingested

results from receptive relaxation and gastric accommodation

33
Q

What is receptive relaxation?

A

as food travels in the esophagus, stomach muscles relax

34
Q

What happens during accommodation of the stomach?

A

plasticity
stomach dilates in response to gastric filling
intrinsic ability of smooth muscle to exhibit stress-relaxation response

35
Q

Describe gastric contractility

A

peristaltic waves move toward the pylorus at a rate of 3/min

basic electrical rhythm (BER) is initiated by pacemaker cells known as the cells of Cajal

36
Q

Where is peristalsis most vigorous in the stomach?

A

near the pylorus

37
Q

What happens to chyme in the stomach?

A

it is either delivered in small amounts to the duodenum or forced backwards into the stomach for further mixing

38
Q

What regulates gastric emptying?

A

neural enterogastric reflex

hormonal mechanisms

39
Q

What do the hormonal mechanisms do of gastric emptying?

A

inhibit gastric secretion and duodenal filling

40
Q

What travels through the duodenum quickly? Slowly?

A

carbohydrate-rich chyme moves quickly

fat-laden chyme travels slowly therefore remains in stomach longer

41
Q

What is the liver remarkable for?

A

largest gland in the body

42
Q

What does the falciform ligament do in the liver?

A

separates the right and left lobes anteriorly

suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

43
Q

What does the ligamentum teres do?

A

round ligament
is a remnant of the fetal umbilical cord
runs along the free edge of the falciform ligament

44
Q

What does the lesser omentum do?

A

anchors the liver to the stomach

45
Q

Where do hepatic blood vessels enter the liver?

A

porta hepatis

46
Q

Where will you find the gallbladder?

A

in a recess on the inferior surface of the right lobe of the liver

47
Q

How does bile leave the liver?

A

bile ducts which fuses into the common hepatic duct, which fuses with the cystic duct

48
Q

What are the functional/structural units of the liver?

A

hexagonal-shaped liver lobules

49
Q

Describe the liver lobules

A

composed of hepatocyte plates radiating outward from a central vein
portal triads are found at each of the six corners of each lobule

50
Q

What do portal triads consist of?

A

bile duct
hepatic artery -supplies blood to the liver
hepatic portal vein - carries venous blood with nutrients from digestive viscera

51
Q

What are liver sinusoids?

A

enlarged leaky capillaries located between hepatic plates

52
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

hepatic macrophages found in liver sinusoids

53
Q

What are the functions of hepatocytes?

A

production of bile
processing blood born nutrients
storage of fat-soluble vitamins
detoxification

54
Q

Where does secreted bile flow?

A

between hepatocytes towards the bile ducts in the portal triads

55
Q

Describe bile

A

yellow-green alkaline solution containing bile saltes, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes

56
Q

What do bile salts do?

A

cholesterol derivatives
emulsify fat
facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption
help solubilize cholesterol

57
Q

What is the pathway of bile?

A

enterohepatic circulation recycles bile salts

bile salt to the ileum to blood to portal vein back to liver for formation of new bile

58
Q

What is the chief pigment of bile?

A

bilirubin

waste product of heme

59
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

thin-walled green muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver

60
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions

releases bile via the cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct

61
Q

What happens when chyme reaches the duodenum? (hormonal)

A

duodenum releases cholecystokinin and secretin into the blood

62
Q

What does secretin do?

A

bile salts and secretin stimulate the liver to produce bile

63
Q

What neural control happens with the gallbladder?

A

vagal stimulation causes weak contractions of the gallbladder

64
Q

What does CCK cause?

A

causes the gallbladder to contract
hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax
bile enters the duodenum

65
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

deep to the greater curvature of the stomach

head is encircled by the duodenum and the tail abuts the spleen

66
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

secretes pancreatic juice which breaks down all categories of foodstuff (carbs, proteins, lipids)
acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain zymogen granules with digestive enzymes

67
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

releasing insulin and glucagon

68
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain?

A

water solution of enzymes and electrolytes (primarily HCO3)

69
Q

What does pancreatic juice do?

A

neutralizes acid chyme

provides optimal environment for pancreatic enzymes

70
Q

How are enzymes released from the pancreas?

A

in active form

in inactive form then activated in the duodenum

71
Q

What are the inactive enzymes released by the pancreas and then activated in the duodenum?

A

trypsinogen is activated to tripsin

procarboxyapeptidase is activated to carboxyapeptidase

72
Q

What are the active enzymes released by the pancreas?

A

amylase
lipases
nucleases
these enzymes require ions or bile for optimal activity

73
Q

What does CCK do once it reaches the pancreas?

A

induces the secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice

74
Q

What does secretin do once it reaches the pancreas?

A

causes secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice

75
Q

What neuronal stimulation affects the pancreas?

A

vagal stimulation causes release of pancreatic juice

BIO 233 Anatomy OIT (6 decks)

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