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BIO 233 Anatomy OIT > Lecture Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the ailmentary canal?

A 
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
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2
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A 
teeth
tongue
gallbladder
salivary glands
liver
pancreas
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3
Q

Define ingestion

A

taking food into the digestive tract

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4
Q

Define propulsion

A

swallowing

peristalsis

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5
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

waves of contraction and relaxation in the muscles in organ walls

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6
Q

What is mechanical digestion??

A

chewing, mixing, and churning food

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7
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

catabolic breakdown of food

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8
Q

What is absorption?

A

movement of nutrients from the GI tract to blood or lymph

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9
Q

What is defecation?

A

elimination of indigestible solid wastes

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10
Q

What do mechano- and chemoreceptors respond to in the GI tract?

A

stretch, osmolarity, pH

presence of substrate, end products of digestion

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11
Q

What do the receptors of the GI tract do?

A

activate or inhibit digestive glands

mix lumen contents and move them along

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12
Q

What are the intrinsic controls of the GI tract?

A

nerve plexuses near the GI tract initiate short reflexes

short reflexes are medicated by local enteric plexuses

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13
Q

What are the extrinsic controls of the GI tract?

A

long reflexes arising within or outside GI tract

CNS centers and extrinsic autonomic nerves

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14
Q

What is GI tract ultimately controlled by?

A

reflex
sympathetic nervous system
Vagus nerve

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15
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

has external visceral layer and internal parietal layer

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16
Q

What does the peritoneal cavity do?

A

lubricates digestive organs and allows them to slide across one another

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17
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

double layer of the peritoneum

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18
Q

What does the mesentery do?

A

provides vascular and nerve supplies to the viscera

hold digestive organs in place and store fat

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19
Q

Look up which organs are retroperitoneal and peritoneal

A

**

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20
Q

What arteries make up the splanchnic circulation?

A

hepatic
splenic
left gastric
inferior and superior mesenteric

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21
Q

What does the hepatic portal circulation do?

A

collects nutrient-rich venous blood from the digestive viscera
delivers this blood to the liver for metabolic processing and storage

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22
Q

What is the mucosa?

A

moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal
consists of three layers: lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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23
Q

Describe the epithelial lining of the mucosa

A

simple columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting goblet cells

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24
Q

What does mucus secretion do?

A

protect digestive organs from digesting themselves

ease food along the tract

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25
Q

What do stomach and small intestine mucosa contain?

A

enzyme-secreting cells
hormone-secreting cells
these organs are both digestive and endocrine organs

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26
Q

Describe the lamina propria of the mucosa

A

loose areolar and reticular connective tissue
nourishes the epithelium and absorbs the nutrients
contains lymph nodes - important in defense against bacteria

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27
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosae of the mucosa

A

smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa

scant layer

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28
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

dense connective tissue containing elastic fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves

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29
Q

What is the muscularis externa?

A

responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

inner circular and longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

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30
Q

What is the serosa?

A

protective visceral peritoneum
replaced by fibrous adventitia in the esophagus
retroperitoneal organs have both an adventitia and serosa

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31
Q

What does the submucosal nerve plexus do?

A

regulates glands and smooth muscle in the mucosa

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32
Q

What does the myenteric nerve plexus do?

A

major nerve supply that controls GI tract mobility

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33
Q

What controls segmentation and peristalsis?

A

autonomic NS, local reflex arc, and myenteric nerve plexus

largely automatic

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34
Q

Describe the mouth

A

lined with stratified squamous epithelium
withstands abrasion
gums, hard palate, dorsum of tongue slightly keratinized

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35
Q

What are the muscles of the lips and cheeks?

A

orbicularis oris and buccinators

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36
Q

What is the vestibule of the mouth?

A

bounded by the lips and cheeks externally, and teeth and gums internally

37
Q

What is the oral cavity proper?

A

area that lies within the teeth and gums

no absorption happens within the oral cavity

38
Q

What is the labial frenulum?

A

median fold that joins the internal aspect of each lip to the gum

39
Q

What is the hard palate?

A

underlain by palatine bones and palatine processes of the maxilla
assists in chewing
slightly corrugated on either side of the midline ridge

40
Q

What is the soft palate?

A

mobile fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing
uvula projects down from its free edge

41
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A

gripping and repositioning food
mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus
initiation of swallowing and speech

42
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

change the shape of the tongue

make the tongue thicker, thinner, longer

43
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

alter the tongues position

protrude, extract, side to side

44
Q

What are the three types of papillae?

A

filiform - give tongue roughness and provide friction
fungiform - give tongue reddish color
circumvallate - V shaped row in back of tongue

45
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis of the tongue?

A

groove that separates tongue into two areas
anterior 2/3 in oral cavity
posterior third in oropharynx

46
Q

What is the role of saliva?

A

cleanses the mouth
moistens and dissolves food chemicals
aids in bolus formation
contains enzymes that break down starch

47
Q

Describe the parotid gland

A

extrinsic salivary glands
lies anterior to the ear between the masseter muscle and skin
duct opens into the vestibule next to second upper molar

48
Q

Describe the submandibular gland

A

extrinsic salivary gland
lies along the medial aspect of the mandibular body
ducts open at the base of the lingual frenulum

49
Q

Describe the sublingual glands

A

extrinsic salivary gland
lies anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue
opens via 10-12 ducts into the floor of the mouth

50
Q

Where is saliva secreted from?

A

serous and mucous cells of salivary glands

51
Q

What does saliva consist of?

A

electrolytes - sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, HCO3
digestive enzyme salivary amylase
proteins - mucin, lysozyme, defensins, IgA
metabolic wastes - urea and uric acid

52
Q

What do intrinsic glands do in salivation?

A

minor glands

keep the mouth moist

53
Q

What do extrinsic salivary glands do?

A

secrete serous, enzyme-rich saliva in response to ingested food and the thought of food

54
Q

What does the sympathetic system do to salivary glands?

A

inhibits salivation

dry mouth

55
Q

When are permanent teeth in the mouth?

A

21 years

56
Q

Describe the primary set of teeth

A

20 deciduous teeth that erupt between 6 and 24 months

57
Q

Describe permanent teeth takeover

A

enlarge and develop, causing the root of the deciduous teeth to be resorbed and fall out between 6 and 12 years
all but the third molars have erupted by the end of adolescence
usually 32 permanent teeth

58
Q

What are incisors?

A

chisel-shaped teeth for cutting or nipping

59
Q

What are the canines?

A

fanglike teeth that tear or pierce

60
Q

What are the premolars and molars?

A

broad crowns with rounded tips
best suited for grinding or crushing
during chewing, upper and lower molars lock together, generating crushing force

61
Q

What is the shorthand for ratio of upper to lower teeth in primary teeth?

A

2I, 1C, 2M

62
Q

What is the shorthand for ratio of upper to lower teeth in permanent teeth?

A

2I, 1C, 2PM, 3M

63
Q

What is the crown of the tooth?

A

exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva

64
Q

What is enamel?

A

acellular, brittle material composed of calcium salts and hydroxyapatite crystals
hardest substance in the body
encapsules crown

65
Q

What is the root?

A

portion of the tooth embedded in the jaw bone

66
Q

What is cementum?

A

calcified connective tissue
covers the root
attaches it to the periodontal ligament

67
Q

What is the periodontal ligament?

A

anchors the tooth in the alveolus of the jaw

forms the fibrous joint called a gomphosis - only place where this is found

68
Q

What is the neck of the tooth?

A

constriction where the crown and root come together

69
Q

What is the gingival sulcus?

A

depression where the gingiva borders the tooth

70
Q

What is the dentin?

A

bonelike material deep to the enamel cap that forms the bulk of the tooth

71
Q

What is the pulp cavity?

A

cavity surrounded by dentin that contains pulps

72
Q

What is the pulp of the tooth?

A

connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves

responsible for tooth sensation

73
Q

What is the root canal?

A

portion of the pulp cavity that extends into the root

74
Q

What is the apical foramen?

A

proximal opening to the root canal

75
Q

What are odontoblasts?

A

secrete and maintain dentin throughout life

76
Q

What are dental caries?

A

gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin by bacterial action

77
Q

How does dental carries pan out?

A

dental plaque, sugar, bacteria, mouth debris adheres to teeth
acid produced by bacteria dissolve calcium salts
organic matter is digested by proteolytic enzymes

78
Q

What is gingivitis?

A

plaque accumulates, calcifies and forms calculus or tartar
this disrupts seal between gingivae and teeth
puts gums at risk for infection

79
Q

What is periodontitis?

A

serious gum disease resulting from an immune response
immune system attacks intruders as well as body tissues
carves pockets around the teeth and dissolves bone

80
Q

Describe the pharynx

A

lines with stratified squamous epithelium and mucus glands

has two skeletal muscle layers - inner longitudinal and outer pharyngeal constrictors

81
Q

What does the pharynx allow?

A

oro- and laryngopharynx allow passage of food and fluids to the esophagus
air to the trachea

82
Q

Describe the esophagus

A

muscular tube going from the laryngopharynx to the stomach
travels through the mediastinum and pierces the diaphragm
joins stomach at the cardiac orifice

83
Q

What is the esophageal mucosa?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

84
Q

Describe how the esophagus transports food

A

empty esophagus is folded longitudinally and flattened
glands secrete mucus as bolus moves through
muscularis changes from skeletal (superior) to smooth muscle (inferior)

85
Q

What are the digestive processes in the mouth?

A

food is ingested
mechanical digestion begins (chewing)
propulsion is initiated by swallowing
salivary amylase begins chemical breakdown of starch
pharynx and esophagus serve as conduits to the stomach

86
Q

What does swallowing incorporate?

A

coordinated activity of tongue, soft palate, parhynx, esophagus, and 22 separate muscle groups

87
Q

What is the buccal phase?

A

bolus is forced into the oropharynx

this is voluntary

88
Q

What happens during the pharyngeal-esophageal phase?

A

controlled by medulla and lower pons
all routes except into digestive tract are sealed off
this is involuntary

BIO 233 Anatomy OIT (6 decks)

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