Lecture Quiz #2 & Lab Quiz #3 Flashcards
Characteristics of a prokaryote
one circular chromosome not in membrane; no histones; no organelles; peptidoglycan in cell wall if bacteria; binary fission
Characteristics of a eukaryote
paired chromosomes in the nuclear membrane; histones; organelles; polysaccharides cell walls; mitosis
Most prokaryotic bacteria are what shape?
monomorphic
What is another shape that only a few prokaryotes will have?
pleomorphic
Bacillus shape
rod-shaped
Coccus shape
spherical-shape
Spirillum, vibrio, spirochete
spiral shaped
What are some unusual shapes for bacteria ?
star-shaped & rectangular shaped
What is the name for paired arrangements?
diplococci; diplobacilli
what is the name for cluster arrangements ?
staphylococci
what is the name for chain arrangements?
streptococci; streptobacilli
what’s a histone?
proteins found in eukaryotic cells to wind up the DNA
how do bacterial cells divide?
binary fission
what is the meaning of prokaryote?
prenucleus
what is the meaning of eukaryotic?
true cell
draw a lophotrichous
slide #13
what is the other name for a curved bacteria?
vibrio
Give an example of a star shaped bacteria.
stellar
give an example of a rectangular shaped bacteria.
haloarcula
what does the term staphylo mean?
cluster
what does the term strepto?
chains
draw streptobacillus
chain of rods
give an example of a spirochete
leptospira
what is a basal body
0something that anchors the flagella to the plasma membrane
how many basal body does a gram negative bacteria have ?
0000000000000000000000000000000000.04
how many basal body does a gram positive have?
2
cell wall of bacteria is made up of what?
….peptidoglycan
the filament of flagella is made up of what protein chains?
flagellin
what is the role of flagella
motility
what is phototaxis?
movement of the bacteria towards or from the source of light
what is axial filament ? name the organisms its found in?
endoflagella; found in spirochetes
what is a slime layer
glycocalyx that is unorganized
what is a capsule
glycocalyx that is neatly organized
what is the role of capsule
prevent phagocytosis
what is glycocalyx made up of ?
polysaccharides
what is the purpose of having a cell wall
prevent osmotic lysis
what is the function of pili
motility; exchange of DNA
what is the function of fimbrae
attachment
which structure prevents the bacteria against phagocytosis
capsule
what is periplasm
layer between outer membrane and inner membrane in gram negative
what are the monomers of peptidoglycan
N-acetyglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic (NAM)
is peptidoglycan present in eukaryotic cell
…….no
what is periplasm
…………layer between outer membrane and inner membrane in gram negative
what is LPS and where do you find them?
…………………..lipopolysaccharides; outer membrane of gram negatives
what is H antigen ?
flagella
which type of bacteria has outer membrane?
gram negative
which type of bacteria has thick peptidoglycan layer
gram positive
what is wall teichoic acid? where do you find them?
type of chemical found in the gram positive bacteria
name the counter stain used during gram staining?
safranin
name the mordant used during gram staining
iodine
what will be the outcome if you leave counter stain for too long during gram staining
colorless
what is the primary stain used during gram staining?
crystal violet
why do gram negative bacteria appear colorless after counter staining
because thy have thin cell walls
what is the color of gram positive bacteria under the microscope after gram staining
purple
give an example of differential staining
acid fast staining/gram staining
give an example of acid fast bacteria
mycobacterium
when do you use negative staining
staining capsule
sterols are found in the plasma membrane of …
mycoplasma
which bacteria respond to acid fast staining
mycobacterium
name the waxy lipid found in the cell wall of acid fast bacteria
mycolic acid
name the primary stain used for endospore staining
malachite green
what are spheroplast
spherical gram negative when there is damage to the cell wall
what is plasmolysis
water leaves the cell
what are aquaporins
transporter protein that helps transport water
what is the function of ribosome
protein synthesis
name the inclusion that stores iron oxide
megnetosome
whats a plasmid
extra chromosomal independently replicating double stranded circular DNA
whats sporulation
endospore formation
give an example of bacteria that forms endospores
bacillus anthracis, clostridium
what are hyphae
fungi or mold that pathogenic
why are fungi called saprophytes
live off dead matter
peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria is linked by
polypeptides
gram positive is sensitive to what?
penicillin
Protoplast
spherical shape assumed by gram positive when cell wall is damaged
L forms
are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shape
L forms
are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shape
phosphate head is what
hydrophilic
two fatty acid tails are what
hydrophobic
selectively permeable
allows passage of some molecules
Types of transport across plasma membrane
passive & active
types of passive transport
- simple diffusion
- facilitated diffusion: carrier mediated/channel mediated
simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
facilitated diffusion
solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane
what is an example of carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
Glucose & Amino Acids
Osmosis
movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration to achieve equilibrium
what is an example of channel mediated facilitated diffusion
aquaporins
Active transport
requires a transporter protein and ATP
nucleoid
bacterial chromosome are free floating in the cytoplasm because of no nucleus
what does metachromatic granules do
phosphate reserves
what does polysaccharides granules, lipid inclusions, sulfur granules do
energy reserves
what does carboxysomes
fixes carbon dioxide in cells
what does magnetosomes do
destroys hydrogen peroxide
germination
return to vegetative state
symbiosis
evidence suggests evolution from prokaryotic organisms
yeast
reproduce through asexual process called budding
mycoses
fungal infections
mycelium
cottony; hairy; or velvety structure
what are the reproductive part of fungi
spores
beneficial impact of fungi
genetic studies; decomposers of dead plants
Hypha
mold filaments are long thin strands
Pseudohyphae
production of candida albicans a pathogenic yeast
flagella
for motility to swim
Brownian movement
when water molecules collide with the cells and make them move
taxonomy
the formal system for classifying and naming living things
4 kingdom system
- monera (Prokaryotic)
- Protista(e)
- fungi(e)
- Animalia(e)
levels of classification
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
Basic Dyes:
- Crystal violet
- Methylene blue
- Safranin
- Malachite green
- Basic fuchsin
wavelength - represented by the Greek letter lambda -λ
The length of a light ray is equal to the distance between two adjacent crests or two adjacent troughs of a wave
resolving power
Ability of a lens to separate or distinguish small objects that are close together.
Resolving power of lenses:
- Scanning = 2.25µm
- Low = 0.90µm
- High = 0.35µm
- Oil = 0.18µm
immersion oil
has the same refraction as glass and prevents loss of light
Candida Albicans
identify: individual cells and pseudohyphae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
identify: asexual reproduction structures like individual cells and budding
Rhizopus stolonifer
identify:
- hypha: fungal fillaments
- fungal body: collection of hyphae
- rhizoids: anchoring hyphae
Rhizopus stolonifer (asexual)
identify:
- sporangiophores
- sporangium (stem)
- sporangiospores
Rhizopus stolonifer (sexual)
identify:
- mating strands (+ and -)
- zygosporangium
- zygospores
Penicillium notatum
identify:
- condiophore
- condiospores
aspergillus niger
identify:
- condiophore
- condiospores
pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii)
identify:
-mature cyst
