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Microbiology 213 > Lecture Quiz #2 & Lab Quiz #3 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz #2 & Lab Quiz #3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of a prokaryote

A

one circular chromosome not in membrane; no histones; no organelles; peptidoglycan in cell wall if bacteria; binary fission

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2
Q

Characteristics of a eukaryote

A

paired chromosomes in the nuclear membrane; histones; organelles; polysaccharides cell walls; mitosis

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3
Q

Most prokaryotic bacteria are what shape?

A

monomorphic

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4
Q

What is another shape that only a few prokaryotes will have?

A

pleomorphic

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5
Q

Bacillus shape

A

rod-shaped

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6
Q

Coccus shape

A

spherical-shape

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7
Q

Spirillum, vibrio, spirochete

A

spiral shaped

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8
Q

What are some unusual shapes for bacteria ?

A

star-shaped & rectangular shaped

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9
Q

What is the name for paired arrangements?

A

diplococci; diplobacilli

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10
Q

what is the name for cluster arrangements ?

A

staphylococci

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11
Q

what is the name for chain arrangements?

A

streptococci; streptobacilli

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12
Q

what’s a histone?

A

proteins found in eukaryotic cells to wind up the DNA

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13
Q

how do bacterial cells divide?

A

binary fission

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14
Q

what is the meaning of prokaryote?

A

prenucleus

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15
Q

what is the meaning of eukaryotic?

A

true cell

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16
Q

draw a lophotrichous

A

slide #13

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17
Q

what is the other name for a curved bacteria?

A

vibrio

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18
Q

Give an example of a star shaped bacteria.

A

stellar

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19
Q

give an example of a rectangular shaped bacteria.

A

haloarcula

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20
Q

what does the term staphylo mean?

A

cluster

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21
Q

what does the term strepto?

A

chains

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22
Q

draw streptobacillus

A

chain of rods

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23
Q

give an example of a spirochete

A

leptospira

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24
Q

what is a basal body

A

0something that anchors the flagella to the plasma membrane

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25
Q

how many basal body does a gram negative bacteria have ?

A

0000000000000000000000000000000000.04

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26
Q

how many basal body does a gram positive have?

A

2

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27
Q

cell wall of bacteria is made up of what?

A

….peptidoglycan

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28
Q

the filament of flagella is made up of what protein chains?

A

flagellin

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29
Q

what is the role of flagella

A

motility

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30
Q

what is phototaxis?

A

movement of the bacteria towards or from the source of light

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31
Q

what is axial filament ? name the organisms its found in?

A

endoflagella; found in spirochetes

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32
Q

what is a slime layer

A

glycocalyx that is unorganized

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33
Q

what is a capsule

A

glycocalyx that is neatly organized

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34
Q

what is the role of capsule

A

prevent phagocytosis

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35
Q

what is glycocalyx made up of ?

A

polysaccharides

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36
Q

what is the purpose of having a cell wall

A

prevent osmotic lysis

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37
Q

what is the function of pili

A

motility; exchange of DNA

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38
Q

what is the function of fimbrae

A

attachment

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39
Q

which structure prevents the bacteria against phagocytosis

A

capsule

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40
Q

what is periplasm

A

layer between outer membrane and inner membrane in gram negative

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41
Q

what are the monomers of peptidoglycan

A

N-acetyglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic (NAM)

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42
Q

is peptidoglycan present in eukaryotic cell

A

…….no

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43
Q

what is periplasm

A

…………layer between outer membrane and inner membrane in gram negative

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44
Q

what is LPS and where do you find them?

A

…………………..lipopolysaccharides; outer membrane of gram negatives

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45
Q

what is H antigen ?

A

flagella

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46
Q

which type of bacteria has outer membrane?

A

gram negative

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47
Q

which type of bacteria has thick peptidoglycan layer

A

gram positive

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48
Q

what is wall teichoic acid? where do you find them?

A

type of chemical found in the gram positive bacteria

49
Q

name the counter stain used during gram staining?

A

safranin

50
Q

name the mordant used during gram staining

A

iodine

51
Q

what will be the outcome if you leave counter stain for too long during gram staining

A

colorless

52
Q

what is the primary stain used during gram staining?

A

crystal violet

53
Q

why do gram negative bacteria appear colorless after counter staining

A

because thy have thin cell walls

54
Q

what is the color of gram positive bacteria under the microscope after gram staining

A

purple

55
Q

give an example of differential staining

A

acid fast staining/gram staining

56
Q

give an example of acid fast bacteria

A

mycobacterium

57
Q

when do you use negative staining

A

staining capsule

58
Q

sterols are found in the plasma membrane of …

A

mycoplasma

59
Q

which bacteria respond to acid fast staining

A

mycobacterium

60
Q

name the waxy lipid found in the cell wall of acid fast bacteria

A

mycolic acid

61
Q

name the primary stain used for endospore staining

A

malachite green

62
Q

what are spheroplast

A

spherical gram negative when there is damage to the cell wall

63
Q

what is plasmolysis

A

water leaves the cell

64
Q

what are aquaporins

A

transporter protein that helps transport water

65
Q

what is the function of ribosome

A

protein synthesis

66
Q

name the inclusion that stores iron oxide

A

megnetosome

67
Q

whats a plasmid

A

extra chromosomal independently replicating double stranded circular DNA

68
Q

whats sporulation

A

endospore formation

69
Q

give an example of bacteria that forms endospores

A

bacillus anthracis, clostridium

70
Q

what are hyphae

A

fungi or mold that pathogenic

71
Q

why are fungi called saprophytes

A

live off dead matter

72
Q

peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria is linked by

A

polypeptides

73
Q

gram positive is sensitive to what?

A

penicillin

74
Q

Protoplast

A

spherical shape assumed by gram positive when cell wall is damaged

75
Q

L forms

A

are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shape

76
Q

L forms

A

are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shape

77
Q

phosphate head is what

A

hydrophilic

78
Q

two fatty acid tails are what

A

hydrophobic

79
Q

selectively permeable

A

allows passage of some molecules

80
Q

Types of transport across plasma membrane

A

passive & active

81
Q

types of passive transport

A
  • simple diffusion

- facilitated diffusion: carrier mediated/channel mediated

82
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

83
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane

84
Q

what is an example of carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Glucose & Amino Acids

85
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration to achieve equilibrium

86
Q

what is an example of channel mediated facilitated diffusion

A

aquaporins

87
Q

Active transport

A

requires a transporter protein and ATP

88
Q

nucleoid

A

bacterial chromosome are free floating in the cytoplasm because of no nucleus

89
Q

what does metachromatic granules do

A

phosphate reserves

90
Q

what does polysaccharides granules, lipid inclusions, sulfur granules do

A

energy reserves

91
Q

what does carboxysomes

A

fixes carbon dioxide in cells

92
Q

what does magnetosomes do

A

destroys hydrogen peroxide

93
Q

germination

A

return to vegetative state

94
Q

symbiosis

A

evidence suggests evolution from prokaryotic organisms

95
Q

yeast

A

reproduce through asexual process called budding

96
Q

mycoses

A

fungal infections

97
Q

mycelium

A

cottony; hairy; or velvety structure

98
Q

what are the reproductive part of fungi

A

spores

99
Q

beneficial impact of fungi

A

genetic studies; decomposers of dead plants

100
Q

Hypha

A

mold filaments are long thin strands

101
Q

Pseudohyphae

A

production of candida albicans a pathogenic yeast

102
Q

flagella

A

for motility to swim

103
Q

Brownian movement

A

when water molecules collide with the cells and make them move

104
Q

taxonomy

A

the formal system for classifying and naming living things

105
Q

4 kingdom system

A
  • monera (Prokaryotic)
  • Protista(e)
  • fungi(e)
  • Animalia(e)
106
Q

levels of classification

A
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
107
Q

Basic Dyes:

A
  • Crystal violet
  • Methylene blue
  • Safranin
  • Malachite green
  • Basic fuchsin
108
Q

wavelength - represented by the Greek letter lambda -λ

A

The length of a light ray is equal to the distance between two adjacent crests or two adjacent troughs of a wave

109
Q

resolving power

A

Ability of a lens to separate or distinguish small objects that are close together.

110
Q

Resolving power of lenses:

A
  • Scanning = 2.25µm
  • Low = 0.90µm
  • High = 0.35µm
  • Oil = 0.18µm
111
Q

immersion oil

A

has the same refraction as glass and prevents loss of light

112
Q

Candida Albicans

A

identify: individual cells and pseudohyphae

113
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

identify: asexual reproduction structures like individual cells and budding

114
Q

Rhizopus stolonifer

A

identify:
- hypha: fungal fillaments
- fungal body: collection of hyphae
- rhizoids: anchoring hyphae

115
Q

Rhizopus stolonifer (asexual)

A

identify:

  • sporangiophores
  • sporangium (stem)
  • sporangiospores
116
Q

Rhizopus stolonifer (sexual)

A

identify:

  • mating strands (+ and -)
  • zygosporangium
  • zygospores
117
Q

Penicillium notatum

A

identify:
- condiophore
- condiospores

118
Q

aspergillus niger

A

identify:

  • condiophore
  • condiospores
119
Q

pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii)

A

identify:

-mature cyst

Microbiology 213 (3 decks)

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