Lecture One- Reconstruction Flashcards
What was reconstruction?
An effort made by the North to clean up after the Civil War, re-integrating the Southern States as well as seeing an end to slavery
Reconstruction
Process of bringing the south back into the Union. 1865-1877
Civil War
Apr 12, 1861 – Apr 9, 1865; War between the Union and Confederacy over issues of states rights and succession
Devestated South
Most of the war was fought in the south and the region was gutted. 20% of Southern men were casualties
Myth of the Lost Cause
People claiming that the war was fought only over issues of slavery (?)
End of Slavery
Ended abruptly, not many options for former slaves due to lack of education
Southern whites
Want the south back under Southern (democract) white control; definitely supremist
Freedman’s Bureau
Atlanta, Georgia; originally given a tweleve month life span but was expanded thru reconstruction; helped freed slaves and poor whites
Issues of Reconstruction
The north is divided on how to deal with the south– conservative republicans want to forgive and forget while radicals aren’t sympathetic. Slavery ended very suddenly leaving many displaced.
Lincoln
First president of reconstruction (started it); Came up with the 10% Plan; assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
10% Plan
As soon as 10% of a Confederate State made an oath of loyalty to the Union, they could rejoin the Union; rejected by Congress
Wade-Davis Bill
1869; aggressive move by congress; a majority of non-Confederate men had to pledge loyalty; they had to pay all war debt; civilian and confederate leaders had to be disenfranchised; Lincoln denied this bill
Assassination
The killing of a high official (like the president)
John Wilkes Booth
Actor part of a conspriracy to kill Lincoln; succeeded
Andrew Johnson
Democrat from TN; against slavery and succession… still a white supremicist; Restoration plan where everyone had to personally apologize to him; considerered the worst US president by historians
Congress opinion of Johnson
They want to impeach him from office
The Black Codes
Racist laws specifically against African Americans; later ‘vagrancy laws’ and Jim Crow
Civil Rights Act 1866
I think this is an amendment
Fourteenth Amendment
first legal definition of citizenship
Congressional Plan
Southern states have to adopt/enforce 13, 14, 15 amendments
Fifteenth Amendment
gives right to vote regardless of race, color, or former condition of servitude
Tenure of Office Act
Johnson isn’t allowed to remove any member of his cabinent without Congressional approval; he removes Stanton and is impeached
Command of Army Act
To give any military orders, Johnson has to be approved by Grant
Johnson Impeached
Broke Tenure of Office Act after removing Stanton
Scalawags
Southern white person, vote republican, ‘traitor’
Carpet Baggers
Inaccurate term; white northerners coming south permanently; republican
Freedmen
former slaves, African American, southern
U.S. Grant
President after Johnson; presidency rocked by scandal, corruption, and incompetence
Credit Mobilier
French company investing in railroads; all fraudulent; VP is involved but Grant doesn’t know anything
Whiskey Ring
Another scandal; officials taxing for production/distribution of alcohol; Grant didn’t know
Indian Ring
group of officials take advantage of native americans on reservations by increasing trading post prices; Grant didn’t know. Obviously.
Panic of 1873
Not caused by Grant, but blamed on Grant; money issues and depression
Greenback Question
Discussion of changing to paper currency; talk of printing more money; Grant and Congress are against it, want money backed by gold
National Greenback Party
third political party, don’t do much, just get people talking; want more money printed
Seward’s Folley
He bought Alaska territory & spent way too much; sold by Russians
Rutherford B. Hayes
the president after Grant; supports big business; uses army to suppress strikes; does very little ; not supported by congress
Compromise of 1877
passed by Hayes; ended reconstruction; withdrew Union troops
Segregated schools
done legally but willingly; a law is passed later that makes segregation required
land redistribution
plantation owners legally taking their land back from those it was given to
Sharecropping
basically farming on someones land with a loan system; people get stuck in debt
Klu Klux Klan
founded as a gentlemans club in TN; Nathaniel Bedford Forrest; try to prevent reconstruction; currently seen as a terrorist group
Enforcement Acts
gives military the ability to arrest KKK; enforced? eh.
The Compromise of 1877
Rutherford Hayes; union troops withdraw, reconstruction ends; some places are permanently changed, others revert back
Plessy v. Ferguson
Seperate but equal laws
Booker T. Washington
The Atlanta Compromise; thinks african americans should take on ‘white life style’
The Atlanta Compromise
Booker T Washington, ‘white lifestyle’
Jim Crow
its illegal to have racist laws; done by real laws and social norms; not technically against black people but basically is
Maggie Lena
1st Black Bank president
Industrial Revolution
happening in the north during reconstruction; north was manufacturing. industrial based; has access to labor with people looking for jobs
New Steel Production Techniques
Bessemer Method, Open Hearth Method by Hewitt
Henry Bessemer
Steel; Bessemer Method
Robert Mushet
Iron guy
Abram S. Hewitt
Open Hearth Method; slower but more controlled
Steel Industry
Its lit; steel tycoons like Carnegie and JP Morgan
Transportation
New stuff coming: automobile + trains
Charles and Frank Duryea
???
Henry Ford
Ford Automobile, Model T 1908, assembly line
Self-Made Man
built themself up, american dream style; Carnegie and Rockefellar
Wilbur and Orville Wright
First ‘heavier than air’ craft to fly
Charles Lindbergh
first solo flight across the atlantic
Taylorism
Fredrick Winslow Taylor, theory of scientific management in factories, boils down to amount of movements
Rail Barons
Cornelius Vanderbilt & James J. Hill
Time zones
For more efficient schedules and to reduce train crashes and casualties thereof
Limited Liability
You only lose what you put into a company
Ethnic Tensions
due to migration and immigration; old stock americans feel threatened
Vertical Integration
Buy everything you need to make and sell and ship
Andrew Carnegie
self made man, arrives poor nobody at 13, buys a steel mill and uses horizontal integration
J.P. Morgan
wealthy banker, bought Carnegie Steel to make US Steel
National Railroad Strike
1877; wage cut; no one can break the strike and railroads are running late; Hayes sides with big business; over one hundred strikers killed by the army
Cornelius Vanderbilt
rail baron
New Managerial Techniques
new middle class emerging due to manager positions
Social Darwinism
the rich deserve to be rich, the poor deserve to be poor
Homestead Strike
Lasts six days; union starts under Henry Clay Frich under Carnegie; he cuts wages twice; after the second cut workers strike and prevent others from working; the workers basically make bombs; army called in
Russell Conwell
Baptist minister; hard work pays off; everyone had the chance to strike it rich
Horatio Alger
Most prominent success story; was a minister but after a sexual scandle became a writer; wrote “rags to riches” books
Monopolies
Owns everything and everyone
Worker Migration
People from the south need jobs
Worker Immigration
Foreigners need jobs
Ethnic Tensions
due to migration and immigration; old stock americans feel threatened
Organization of Labor
Increasing; want safety, higher wages, more power, and an eight hour day
National Labor Union
formed by William B Sylvis; first union; falls apart in the Panic of 1873
Molly Maguires
millitant group of Irish immigrants; use terror tactics; reputation is larger than the group; factory owners use them against workers
National Railroad Strike
1877; wage cut; no one can break the strike and railroads are running late; Hayes sides with big business; over one hundred strikers killed by the army
Knights of Labor
Uriah S Stephens starts the Union; Terrence Powder upgrades the group over 700,000 people; bad organization, factions disagreed, the union lost power
American Federation of Labor
oldest labor union started in 1886 by Samuel Gompers; didn’t want women to work because they’re paid less; promoted eight hour work day; management and work force unity
Haymarket Square
Started as a protest, became a strike May 4th, 1886 in Chicago; when police tried to break it up, people died; 10+ dead, 60+ injured, eight anarchists arrested
Homestead Strike
Lasts six days; union starts under Henry Clay Frich under Carnegie; he cuts wages twice; after the second cut workers strike and prevent others from working; the workers basically make bombs; army called in
Pullman Strike
Sleeper car factory; Pullman has made a whole town; he cuts wages but doesn’t lower anything; people go on strike led by Eugene Debs; try to get railroads to not use any Pullman Sleeper Cars by also striking; goverment steps in
Eugene Debs
Part of the Pullman Strike; later joins the socialist party
Americanization
Make them like us; adopt American customs
Nationalist
Don’t like the immigrants
Assimilation
Want immigrants to be Americanized to fit in
Nativist Part
Claims to be ‘Native Americans’ and don’t like new people
Skyscraper
First skyscraper up in Chicago
Problems in City Life
Crime, Fire, Disease, Pollution
Tammany Hall
Political machine is controlling donations; very corrupt; run by Boss Tweed; vote for their candidate and get others to
Chain Stores
The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (The A&P); first ten cent store
Mail Order
Montgomery Ward, traveling salesman
Western Indians
Reduced by half; Plains Indians suffer the most; buffalo being killed
Sioux
most powerful tribe; were not always on the same page tho
Hispanic
blending of Spanish, Mexican, and Indians
Chinese
west coast of the US; mainly work on railroads and in mines; China Towns forming in cities
Chinese Exclusion Act
banned immigration and naturalization
Homestead Act
made during the civil war, people couldn’t leave; offered 160 acres for people to sttle and improve the land
Mining
looking for gold and silver; Boom towns and ghost towns; lot of crime
The Virginian
book romanticizing cowboy lifestyle
The Frontier Thesis
Fredrick Jackson Turner; argued the frontier was gone since either side was settled
The Concentration Policy
moving Indians to the reservation especially Plains Indians; Indians are upset that settlers are disrespecting their land and decimating buffalo; things are escalating
Buffalo Soldiers
Place for African American soldiers; they shine in the west
The Sand Creek Massacre
Chief Black Kettle takes the path of peace; civilians massacre 140 people, mostly women and children; Black Kettle joins warpath
Battle of Little Big Horn
Part of the Great Sioux War; Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull on warpath; Custard dies; trap set by the Sioux
Sitting Bull
famous Sioux leader; defeated and agrees to go to the reservation; killed after taking part in a Ghost Dance
Ghost Dance
A religious revival dance; lasts a couple of days; idealistic and violent visions lead to violence against Americans
Nez Perce
leader wanted to take path of peace, but the young warriors ruined that; Chief Joseph tries to retreat with his people to Canada but they are caught
Chief Joseph
Leader of Nez Perce; “I will fight no more forever”
Battle of White Bird Canyon
fought by Nez Perce as they try to get to Canada; they are devastated
Apache Wars
Southwest Indians; fight with Americans a lot; fight Buffalo soldiers
Guronimo
Apache soldier, the best; captured and escaped several times; they finally capture his family and send them to Florida
Dawes Act 1887
160 acres per family, ending shared ownership; Americans want to break up tribes and Americanize; give Native Americans Citizenship
Wounded Knee
Americans scared because Ghost Dance is taking place; 200 Sioux indians killed
Transcontinental Railroad
finished in 1869; connected in Promontory Point, Utah
Barbed Wire
Joseph Glidden & I.L. Ellwood 1873
Rutherford Hayes
Compromise of 1877 ending reconstruction; supports big business; did little; no party support
James Garfield
Republican; wants civil service reform; gets shot four months in
Chester Arthur
replaced Garfield; Pendleton Act; avoided patronage
Pendleton Act
1st national civil service measure, requiring some federal jobs to have a competency test
Grover Cleaveland
`Second democrat elected; got a lot of Catholic votes because James Blaine pissed them off; advocated for lower tariff but didn’t acheive this
Benjamin Harrison
Republican; narrowly defeated Cleveland; says he’ll take care of monopolies but doesn’t
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
not enforced; Goverment can regulate and break up monopolies; courts deliberately misinterpret; won’t be used til Teddy Roosevelt
Interstate Commerce Act
1887; regulated price of railroad; not enforced
McKinley Tariff
highest tariff in American history & very opposed
The Grangers
formed after the Civil War; Oliver Kelley; started as a social/self-help group out west; becomes a political party that is very popular in the West
Oliver Kelley
leader of the Grangers
Farmer’s Alliance
more a co-op; merge to form Populist Party with the Grangers
Populist Party
The People’s Party; Farmers Alliance and Grangers; westerners want someone standing for them; gets miner support; want goverment control of railroads, no national bank, free silver, and improved communication
“Free Silver”
Upping the gold standard to include silver
Panic of 1893
started with bankrupcy in Philedelphia and Reading Railroad; chain reaction, bankrupting businesses; stock market crash; 20% of people lose jobs; J.P. Morgan lends money to help
“Cross of Gold”
William Jennings Bryan; speech about silver and gold standard
William Jennings Bryan
Cross of Gold; youngest presidential nominee; merged democratic and populist parties; protestant
Election of 1896
republican party McKinley wins against Bryan; Bryan is first modern campaigner; Populist party collapses
Dingley Tariff
McKinley raised highest tariff
Gold Standard Act
ensured gold standard; spits at silver standardists
