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Modern US History > Lecture One- Reconstruction > Flashcards

Lecture One- Reconstruction Flashcards

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1
Q

What was reconstruction?

A

An effort made by the North to clean up after the Civil War, re-integrating the Southern States as well as seeing an end to slavery

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2
Q

Reconstruction

A

Process of bringing the south back into the Union. 1865-1877

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3
Q

Civil War

A

Apr 12, 1861 – Apr 9, 1865; War between the Union and Confederacy over issues of states rights and succession

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4
Q

Devestated South

A

Most of the war was fought in the south and the region was gutted. 20% of Southern men were casualties

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5
Q

Myth of the Lost Cause

A

People claiming that the war was fought only over issues of slavery (?)

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6
Q

End of Slavery

A

Ended abruptly, not many options for former slaves due to lack of education

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7
Q

Southern whites

A

Want the south back under Southern (democract) white control; definitely supremist

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8
Q

Freedman’s Bureau

A

Atlanta, Georgia; originally given a tweleve month life span but was expanded thru reconstruction; helped freed slaves and poor whites

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9
Q

Issues of Reconstruction

A

The north is divided on how to deal with the south– conservative republicans want to forgive and forget while radicals aren’t sympathetic. Slavery ended very suddenly leaving many displaced.

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10
Q

Lincoln

A

First president of reconstruction (started it); Came up with the 10% Plan; assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

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11
Q

10% Plan

A

As soon as 10% of a Confederate State made an oath of loyalty to the Union, they could rejoin the Union; rejected by Congress

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12
Q

Wade-Davis Bill

A

1869; aggressive move by congress; a majority of non-Confederate men had to pledge loyalty; they had to pay all war debt; civilian and confederate leaders had to be disenfranchised; Lincoln denied this bill

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13
Q

Assassination

A

The killing of a high official (like the president)

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14
Q

John Wilkes Booth

A

Actor part of a conspriracy to kill Lincoln; succeeded

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15
Q

Andrew Johnson

A

Democrat from TN; against slavery and succession… still a white supremicist; Restoration plan where everyone had to personally apologize to him; considerered the worst US president by historians

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16
Q

Congress opinion of Johnson

A

They want to impeach him from office

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17
Q

The Black Codes

A

Racist laws specifically against African Americans; later ‘vagrancy laws’ and Jim Crow

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18
Q

Civil Rights Act 1866

A

I think this is an amendment

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19
Q

Fourteenth Amendment

A

first legal definition of citizenship

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20
Q

Congressional Plan

A

Southern states have to adopt/enforce 13, 14, 15 amendments

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21
Q

Fifteenth Amendment

A

gives right to vote regardless of race, color, or former condition of servitude

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22
Q

Tenure of Office Act

A

Johnson isn’t allowed to remove any member of his cabinent without Congressional approval; he removes Stanton and is impeached

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23
Q

Command of Army Act

A

To give any military orders, Johnson has to be approved by Grant

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24
Q

Johnson Impeached

A

Broke Tenure of Office Act after removing Stanton

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25
Q

Scalawags

A

Southern white person, vote republican, ‘traitor’

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26
Q

Carpet Baggers

A

Inaccurate term; white northerners coming south permanently; republican

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27
Q

Freedmen

A

former slaves, African American, southern

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28
Q

U.S. Grant

A

President after Johnson; presidency rocked by scandal, corruption, and incompetence

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29
Q

Credit Mobilier

A

French company investing in railroads; all fraudulent; VP is involved but Grant doesn’t know anything

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30
Q

Whiskey Ring

A

Another scandal; officials taxing for production/distribution of alcohol; Grant didn’t know

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31
Q

Indian Ring

A

group of officials take advantage of native americans on reservations by increasing trading post prices; Grant didn’t know. Obviously.

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32
Q

Panic of 1873

A

Not caused by Grant, but blamed on Grant; money issues and depression

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33
Q

Greenback Question

A

Discussion of changing to paper currency; talk of printing more money; Grant and Congress are against it, want money backed by gold

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34
Q

National Greenback Party

A

third political party, don’t do much, just get people talking; want more money printed

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35
Q

Seward’s Folley

A

He bought Alaska territory & spent way too much; sold by Russians

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36
Q

Rutherford B. Hayes

A

the president after Grant; supports big business; uses army to suppress strikes; does very little ; not supported by congress

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37
Q

Compromise of 1877

A

passed by Hayes; ended reconstruction; withdrew Union troops

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38
Q

Segregated schools

A

done legally but willingly; a law is passed later that makes segregation required

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39
Q

land redistribution

A

plantation owners legally taking their land back from those it was given to

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40
Q

Sharecropping

A

basically farming on someones land with a loan system; people get stuck in debt

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41
Q

Klu Klux Klan

A

founded as a gentlemans club in TN; Nathaniel Bedford Forrest; try to prevent reconstruction; currently seen as a terrorist group

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42
Q

Enforcement Acts

A

gives military the ability to arrest KKK; enforced? eh.

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43
Q

The Compromise of 1877

A

Rutherford Hayes; union troops withdraw, reconstruction ends; some places are permanently changed, others revert back

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44
Q

Plessy v. Ferguson

A

Seperate but equal laws

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45
Q

Booker T. Washington

A

The Atlanta Compromise; thinks african americans should take on ‘white life style’

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46
Q

The Atlanta Compromise

A

Booker T Washington, ‘white lifestyle’

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47
Q

Jim Crow

A

its illegal to have racist laws; done by real laws and social norms; not technically against black people but basically is

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48
Q

Maggie Lena

A

1st Black Bank president

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49
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

happening in the north during reconstruction; north was manufacturing. industrial based; has access to labor with people looking for jobs

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50
Q

New Steel Production Techniques

A

Bessemer Method, Open Hearth Method by Hewitt

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51
Q

Henry Bessemer

A

Steel; Bessemer Method

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52
Q

Robert Mushet

A

Iron guy

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53
Q

Abram S. Hewitt

A

Open Hearth Method; slower but more controlled

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54
Q

Steel Industry

A

Its lit; steel tycoons like Carnegie and JP Morgan

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55
Q

Transportation

A

New stuff coming: automobile + trains

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56
Q

Charles and Frank Duryea

A

???

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57
Q

Henry Ford

A

Ford Automobile, Model T 1908, assembly line

58
Q

Self-Made Man

A

built themself up, american dream style; Carnegie and Rockefellar

59
Q

Wilbur and Orville Wright

A

First ‘heavier than air’ craft to fly

60
Q

Charles Lindbergh

A

first solo flight across the atlantic

61
Q

Taylorism

A

Fredrick Winslow Taylor, theory of scientific management in factories, boils down to amount of movements

62
Q

Rail Barons

A

Cornelius Vanderbilt & James J. Hill

63
Q

Time zones

A

For more efficient schedules and to reduce train crashes and casualties thereof

64
Q

Limited Liability

A

You only lose what you put into a company

65
Q

Ethnic Tensions

A

due to migration and immigration; old stock americans feel threatened

66
Q

Vertical Integration

A

Buy everything you need to make and sell and ship

67
Q

Andrew Carnegie

A

self made man, arrives poor nobody at 13, buys a steel mill and uses horizontal integration

68
Q

J.P. Morgan

A

wealthy banker, bought Carnegie Steel to make US Steel

69
Q

National Railroad Strike

A

1877; wage cut; no one can break the strike and railroads are running late; Hayes sides with big business; over one hundred strikers killed by the army

70
Q

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A

rail baron

71
Q

New Managerial Techniques

A

new middle class emerging due to manager positions

72
Q

Social Darwinism

A

the rich deserve to be rich, the poor deserve to be poor

73
Q

Homestead Strike

A

Lasts six days; union starts under Henry Clay Frich under Carnegie; he cuts wages twice; after the second cut workers strike and prevent others from working; the workers basically make bombs; army called in

74
Q

Russell Conwell

A

Baptist minister; hard work pays off; everyone had the chance to strike it rich

75
Q

Horatio Alger

A

Most prominent success story; was a minister but after a sexual scandle became a writer; wrote “rags to riches” books

76
Q

Monopolies

A

Owns everything and everyone

77
Q

Worker Migration

A

People from the south need jobs

78
Q

Worker Immigration

A

Foreigners need jobs

79
Q

Ethnic Tensions

A

due to migration and immigration; old stock americans feel threatened

80
Q

Organization of Labor

A

Increasing; want safety, higher wages, more power, and an eight hour day

81
Q

National Labor Union

A

formed by William B Sylvis; first union; falls apart in the Panic of 1873

82
Q

Molly Maguires

A

millitant group of Irish immigrants; use terror tactics; reputation is larger than the group; factory owners use them against workers

83
Q

National Railroad Strike

A

1877; wage cut; no one can break the strike and railroads are running late; Hayes sides with big business; over one hundred strikers killed by the army

84
Q

Knights of Labor

A

Uriah S Stephens starts the Union; Terrence Powder upgrades the group over 700,000 people; bad organization, factions disagreed, the union lost power

85
Q

American Federation of Labor

A

oldest labor union started in 1886 by Samuel Gompers; didn’t want women to work because they’re paid less; promoted eight hour work day; management and work force unity

86
Q

Haymarket Square

A

Started as a protest, became a strike May 4th, 1886 in Chicago; when police tried to break it up, people died; 10+ dead, 60+ injured, eight anarchists arrested

87
Q

Homestead Strike

A

Lasts six days; union starts under Henry Clay Frich under Carnegie; he cuts wages twice; after the second cut workers strike and prevent others from working; the workers basically make bombs; army called in

88
Q

Pullman Strike

A

Sleeper car factory; Pullman has made a whole town; he cuts wages but doesn’t lower anything; people go on strike led by Eugene Debs; try to get railroads to not use any Pullman Sleeper Cars by also striking; goverment steps in

89
Q

Eugene Debs

A

Part of the Pullman Strike; later joins the socialist party

90
Q

Americanization

A

Make them like us; adopt American customs

91
Q

Nationalist

A

Don’t like the immigrants

92
Q

Assimilation

A

Want immigrants to be Americanized to fit in

93
Q

Nativist Part

A

Claims to be ‘Native Americans’ and don’t like new people

94
Q

Skyscraper

A

First skyscraper up in Chicago

95
Q

Problems in City Life

A

Crime, Fire, Disease, Pollution

96
Q

Tammany Hall

A

Political machine is controlling donations; very corrupt; run by Boss Tweed; vote for their candidate and get others to

97
Q

Chain Stores

A

The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (The A&P); first ten cent store

98
Q

Mail Order

A

Montgomery Ward, traveling salesman

99
Q

Western Indians

A

Reduced by half; Plains Indians suffer the most; buffalo being killed

100
Q

Sioux

A

most powerful tribe; were not always on the same page tho

101
Q

Hispanic

A

blending of Spanish, Mexican, and Indians

102
Q

Chinese

A

west coast of the US; mainly work on railroads and in mines; China Towns forming in cities

103
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act

A

banned immigration and naturalization

104
Q

Homestead Act

A

made during the civil war, people couldn’t leave; offered 160 acres for people to sttle and improve the land

105
Q

Mining

A

looking for gold and silver; Boom towns and ghost towns; lot of crime

106
Q

The Virginian

A

book romanticizing cowboy lifestyle

107
Q

The Frontier Thesis

A

Fredrick Jackson Turner; argued the frontier was gone since either side was settled

108
Q

The Concentration Policy

A

moving Indians to the reservation especially Plains Indians; Indians are upset that settlers are disrespecting their land and decimating buffalo; things are escalating

109
Q

Buffalo Soldiers

A

Place for African American soldiers; they shine in the west

110
Q

The Sand Creek Massacre

A

Chief Black Kettle takes the path of peace; civilians massacre 140 people, mostly women and children; Black Kettle joins warpath

111
Q

Battle of Little Big Horn

A

Part of the Great Sioux War; Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull on warpath; Custard dies; trap set by the Sioux

112
Q

Sitting Bull

A

famous Sioux leader; defeated and agrees to go to the reservation; killed after taking part in a Ghost Dance

113
Q

Ghost Dance

A

A religious revival dance; lasts a couple of days; idealistic and violent visions lead to violence against Americans

114
Q

Nez Perce

A

leader wanted to take path of peace, but the young warriors ruined that; Chief Joseph tries to retreat with his people to Canada but they are caught

115
Q

Chief Joseph

A

Leader of Nez Perce; “I will fight no more forever”

116
Q

Battle of White Bird Canyon

A

fought by Nez Perce as they try to get to Canada; they are devastated

117
Q

Apache Wars

A

Southwest Indians; fight with Americans a lot; fight Buffalo soldiers

118
Q

Guronimo

A

Apache soldier, the best; captured and escaped several times; they finally capture his family and send them to Florida

119
Q

Dawes Act 1887

A

160 acres per family, ending shared ownership; Americans want to break up tribes and Americanize; give Native Americans Citizenship

120
Q

Wounded Knee

A

Americans scared because Ghost Dance is taking place; 200 Sioux indians killed

121
Q

Transcontinental Railroad

A

finished in 1869; connected in Promontory Point, Utah

122
Q

Barbed Wire

A

Joseph Glidden & I.L. Ellwood 1873

123
Q

Rutherford Hayes

A

Compromise of 1877 ending reconstruction; supports big business; did little; no party support

124
Q

James Garfield

A

Republican; wants civil service reform; gets shot four months in

125
Q

Chester Arthur

A

replaced Garfield; Pendleton Act; avoided patronage

126
Q

Pendleton Act

A

1st national civil service measure, requiring some federal jobs to have a competency test

127
Q

Grover Cleaveland

A

`Second democrat elected; got a lot of Catholic votes because James Blaine pissed them off; advocated for lower tariff but didn’t acheive this

128
Q

Benjamin Harrison

A

Republican; narrowly defeated Cleveland; says he’ll take care of monopolies but doesn’t

129
Q

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

A

not enforced; Goverment can regulate and break up monopolies; courts deliberately misinterpret; won’t be used til Teddy Roosevelt

130
Q

Interstate Commerce Act

A

1887; regulated price of railroad; not enforced

131
Q

McKinley Tariff

A

highest tariff in American history & very opposed

132
Q

The Grangers

A

formed after the Civil War; Oliver Kelley; started as a social/self-help group out west; becomes a political party that is very popular in the West

133
Q

Oliver Kelley

A

leader of the Grangers

134
Q

Farmer’s Alliance

A

more a co-op; merge to form Populist Party with the Grangers

135
Q

Populist Party

A

The People’s Party; Farmers Alliance and Grangers; westerners want someone standing for them; gets miner support; want goverment control of railroads, no national bank, free silver, and improved communication

136
Q

“Free Silver”

A

Upping the gold standard to include silver

137
Q

Panic of 1893

A

started with bankrupcy in Philedelphia and Reading Railroad; chain reaction, bankrupting businesses; stock market crash; 20% of people lose jobs; J.P. Morgan lends money to help

138
Q

“Cross of Gold”

A

William Jennings Bryan; speech about silver and gold standard

139
Q

William Jennings Bryan

A

Cross of Gold; youngest presidential nominee; merged democratic and populist parties; protestant

140
Q

Election of 1896

A

republican party McKinley wins against Bryan; Bryan is first modern campaigner; Populist party collapses

141
Q

Dingley Tariff

A

McKinley raised highest tariff

142
Q

Gold Standard Act

A

ensured gold standard; spits at silver standardists

Modern US History (4 decks)

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