Lecture one - macroscopic structures of the ant abdominal wall

Question 1

What is surface anatomy?

Answer 1

A projection of deep structures on the surface of the body
- Use bony(hard)/soft landmarks on surface of body to describe position:
ASIS, pubic tubercle, umbilicus…

Question 2

In some areas – use specific sub regions as part of the description:

Answer 2

• Head: Orbital, buccal, temporal regions etc.
• Neck: Triangles
• Abdomen: 9 divisions/ 4 quadrants

Question 3

How many regions does the abdomen have?

Answer 3

9 regions divided by 4 planes

Question 4

4 planes that divide the abdomen

Answer 4

2 sagital and 2 horizontal

Question 5

2 sagittal planes

Answer 5

2x mid clavicular planes

Question 6

2 horizontal planes

Answer 6

subcostal plane
transtubercular plane

Question 7

2 sagittal planes:
Midclavicular plane (x2)

Answer 7

Pass through mdpt of clavicle and descend inf. To the mdpt of the inguinal ligament
- Inguinal ligament spans between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle
- The semilunar lines = lateral edges of rectus abdominous muscle are part of vertical divisions

Question 8

2 Horizontal planes:

Answer 8

1. Subcostal plane (L2/L3)
   Pass horizontally through the inf. Border of the 10th costal cartilage (on both sides)
2. Transtubercular plane (L5)
   Passes through the iliac tubercles and body of L5 vert.

Question 9

Question 10

Interspinous and transpyloric plane (L1)- 2 more horizontal abdomen planes

Answer 10

Interspinous and transpyloric plane (L1)- 2 more horizontal abdomen planes
Interspinous plane: passes through the anterior superior iliac spines
transpyloric plane: lies midway between upper border of sternum and the pubic symphysis and it transects the pylorus of the stomach

Question 11

Abdominal regions:

Answer 11

1. R and L hypochondrium In upper R and L corners
2. Epigastric
   Between hypochondrium- find stomach in this area
3. L and R lumbar
4. Umbilical area
   In middle of lumbar
5. L and R - inguinal/iliac fossa
6. Hypogastric

Question 12

Question 13

Anatomical events on transpyloric plane

Answer 13

– Hila of the kidneys
– Pylorus of the stomach
– Neck of pancreas
– Fundus of the gall bladder
– Origin of the superior mesenteric artery
– Renal veins
– Portal vein
– Duodenojejunal junction

Question 14

Right hypochondriac

Answer 14

liver
gallbladder
small intestine
ascending colon
transverse colon
right kidney

Question 15

epigastric

Answer 15

esophagus
stomach
liver
pancreas
small intestine
transverse colon
spleen
R and L kidneys and ureters
R and L adrenal glands

Question 16

left hypochondriac

Answer 16

stomach
liver (tip)
pancreas (tail)
Small intestine
transverse colon
descending colon
spleen
left kidney

Question 17

Right lumbat

Answer 17

Liver (tip)
Gall bladder
small intestine
ascending colon
right kidney

Question 18

Umbilicus

Answer 18

Stomach
pancreas
small intestine
transverse colon
R and L kidneys and ureters
Cisterna chyli

Question 19

Left lumbar

Answer 19

small intestine
descending colon
left kidney (tip)

Question 20

Right iliac

Answer 20

Small intestine
appendix
cecum
ascending colon
[right ovary and fallopian tube]

Question 21

hypogastric

Answer 21

small intestine
sigmoid colon
rectum
urinary bladder
R and L ureters
[R and l ovaries and fallopian tubes]
[vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate]

Question 22

Left iliac

Answer 22

small intestine
descending colon
sigmoid colon
[L ovary and fallopian tube]

Question 23

Sometimes only 4 quadrants used to describe abdomen:

Answer 23

Divided by median plane and trans umbilical plane (L3)
- Divides the body in equal upper and lower half
- Also at level of bifurcation of aorta

Question 24

Question 25